9:00 AM 7/8/2020 - WHO confirms there's 'emerging evidence' of airborne transmission of coronavirus - CNN | #floods and #epidemics



______________________________________________________________________

Saved, Shared Stories, Tweets | Page | In Brief - Page | on RSS Dog In 250 Posts |
____________________________________________________________________________

9:00 AM 7/8/2020


Saved and Shared Stories from Michael_Novakhov (3 sites) 
Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks: From environmental variability to disease prevention largely based on data from China
Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks: hantavirus outbreaks after floods - Google Search
Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks: floods and epidemics - Google Search
Saved Stories - None: Deutsche Welle: DW.com - Business: Danish nod gives Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline fresh traction
Saved Stories - None: Deutsche Welle: Germany's Angela Merkel in Brussels for talks on EU coronavirus recovery
Saved Stories - None: Young Black voters say they aren't enthusiastic about a Joe Biden presidency - USA TODAY
Saved Stories - None: Trump's Drive On Division And Fear May Not Be A Winning Strategy Come November - NPR
Saved Stories - None: COVID-19: Uzbekistan Plans Second Lockdown Starting July 10
Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks: WHO confirms there's 'emerging evidence' of airborne transmission of coronavirus - CNN
Saved Stories - None: WHO confirms there's 'emerging evidence' of airborne transmission of coronavirus - CNN
Saved Stories - None: Dutch police discover criminal gang's 'torture chamber' during drugs raid
Saved Stories - None: Deutsche Welle: Merkel's CDU aim to fill half of party posts with women by 2025
Saved Stories - None: Coronavirus: Biden vows to reverse Trump WHO withdrawal
Saved Stories - None: Dog meat: First Cambodian province bans sale and consumption
Saved Stories - None: Tajik Prosecutors Summon Journalists Family After His Coverage Of Coronavirus
Saved Stories - None: Deutsche Welle: US exit from the WHO: German minister calls move a 'setback' for cooperation
Saved Stories - None: Deutsche Welle: Lockdown and racism go hand in hand in Catalonia
Saved Stories - None: Deutsche Welle: Can India really have a coronavirus vaccine ready by August?
Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks: 7:35 AM 7/8/2020 - Bat virus? Bioweapon? What the science says about Covid-19 origins - Sars-Cov-2 origins: Six months into coronavirus pandemic, scientists say exact source may never be identified
Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks: 7:58 AM 7/8/2020 - Merkel looks east as ties fray between Germany and U.S. - POLITICO - Saved, Shared Stories, Tweets
Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - coronavirus origins: Russia, China Say They Support WHO's Coronavirus Efforts Amid US Exit

Saved and Shared Stories from Michael_Novakhov (3 sites) 
Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks: From environmental variability to disease prevention largely based on data from China

Michael_Novakhov shared this story .


Abstract

Hantaviruses can cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the Americas and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia. In recent decades, repeated outbreaks of hantavirus disease have led to public concern and have created a global public health burden. Hantavirus spillover from natural hosts into human populations could be considered an ecological process, in which environmental forces, behavioral determinants of exposure, and dynamics at the humananimal interface affect human susceptibility and the epidemiology of the disease. In this review, we summarize the progress made in understanding hantavirus epidemiology and rodent reservoir population biology. We mainly focus on three species of rodent hosts with longitudinal studies of sufficient scale: the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius, the main reservoir host for Hantaan virus [HTNV], which causes HFRS) in Asia, the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus, the main reservoir host for Sin Nombre virus [SNV], which causes HPS) in North America, and the bank vole (Myodes glareolus, the main reservoir host for Puumala virus [PUUV], which causes HFRS) in Europe. Moreover, we discuss the influence of ecological factors on human hantavirus disease outbreaks and provide an overview of research perspectives.
Citation: Tian H, Stenseth NC (2019) The ecological dynamics of hantavirus diseases: From environmental variability to disease prevention largely based on data from China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13(2): e0006901. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006901" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006901</a>
Editor: Patricia V. Aguilar, University of Texas Medical Branch, UNITED STATES
Published: February 21, 2019
Copyright: © 2019 Tian, Stenseth. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: Funding for this study was provided by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (JQ18025) (http://kw.beijing.gov.cn/jjb/), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81673234,81460520,31870400,41476161) (http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/), the Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by CAST(YESS)(2018QNRC001) (http://www.cast.org.cn/), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (http://www.moe.gov.cn/), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFA0600104) (http://www.most.gov.cn/), and the health industrys special research funds for public welfare projects (Grant 201502020) (http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

Hantaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses belonging to the family Hantaviridae, genus Orthohantavirus [1]. They can cause serious diseases in humans, with some outbreaks resulting in case fatality rates of 12% (for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome [HFRS] in Europe and Asia) and up to 40% (for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome [HPS] in the Americas), depending on the hantavirus type and the resulting clinical syndrome [2,3]. Hantavirus disease came to global attention when two major outbreaks were reported during the last century. The first, an HFRS outbreak, occurred during the Korean War (1950 to 1953), when more than 3,000 United Nations troops fell ill [4]. The second was an outbreak of HPS that occurred in the Four Corners region of the southwestern United States in 1993 [5]. Hantaviruses remain a global threat to public health; they have been estimated to affect approximately 200,000 humans annually worldwide in recent years [6]. Moreover, the number of countries reporting human cases of hantavirus infection is still on the rise [7].
Human infections with hantaviruses result from contact with infected rodents or exposure to virus-contaminated aerosols; Andes virus (ANDV) is the only hantavirus in which person-to-person transmission has been documented so far [811]. Outbreaks of hantavirus disease are therefore considered to be associated with the primary rodent host and pathogen dynamics [12,13]. However, the mechanism of zoonotic pathogen dynamics is complex, and the relationships between or among environmental change, hostpathogen dynamics, and human spillover is far from clear [14,15]. For example, variations in incidence rates are not simply, as expected, a result of changes in rodent demography or virus prevalence [1618]. Furthermore, although numerous research efforts have been undertaken, no WHO-licensed vaccine against hantavirus infection is available [19] (except Hantavax, which is only licensed for human use in the Republic of Korea). Current efforts to curb hantavirus transmission focus on avoiding contact between humans and host rodents [20,21]. Due to the complexity of these systems, hantaviruses deserve the attention of research scientists in the contexts of both public health and wildlife conservation.
Here, we present a review of the ecology of hantavirus diseases in an attempt to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying disease outbreaks. We mainly focus on three species of rodent hosts, on which there have been a wealth of longitudinal studies of population and prevalence dynamics: the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius, the main reservoir host for Hantaan virus [HTNV] [2225]) in Asia, the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus, the main reservoir host for Sin Nombre virus [SNV] [12,18,2628]) in North America, and the bank vole (Myodes glareolus, the main reservoir host for Puumala virus [PUUV] [2932]) in Europe. A deeper understanding of the natural ecological dynamics of hostpathogen interactions would be of great value in developing future strategies for disease prevention and control.

Methods


Search strategy and selection criteria

We searched the MEDLINE (via PubMed) online database and Google Scholar for articles with the key words hantavirus, ecology, or modelling in the title, with no date limit, published before 31 July 2017, with restriction to mainly English papers. Key words used in Medical Subject Headings were hantavirus, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and rodent reservoir. Inclusion criteria were predefined as research providing information on viral infections (including human incidence, prevalence of hantavirus infections in rodent hosts, and/or hostpathogen interactions), environmental change and rodent reservoir population dynamics, and information on environmental factors that may trigger hantavirus disease outbreaks. Study data extracted included study year, location, hantavirus type, main rodent reservoir, study design, and environmental factors.

Results


Geographic distribution

Hantaviruses that cause illness in humans have been identified across the globe [3,7,33] (Fig 1). The major hantavirus disease burden in the Old World is HFRS, and in the New World it is HPS. HTNV in Asia, PUUV and Dobrava virus in Europe, and Seoul virus (SEOV) worldwide are the causative agents of HFRS. SNV, ANDV, and related viruses have been identified as causative agents of HPS in the Americas [3,12]. Recent studies indicate that the medical problem caused by hantavirus infections may be underestimated in Africa, India, Southeast Asia (where Thailand virus [THAIV] has been isolated), and even Europe [25,31,3437] and North America [38,39]. It is estimated that hantavirus diseases are heavily underdiagnosed in Europe; only 20% of PUUV infections have been diagnosed, and no human infections data exist in several countries [31].

thumbnail
Fig 1. Map of Old World and New World hantavirus genotypes reported to be pathogenic for humans.
Hantaviruses that have been shown to cause HFRS are shown in red, and those that cause HPS are shown in green. PUUV, which causes a milder form of HFRS (NE), is found in Europe. The described African hantavirus, Sangassou virus, was found in Guinea in 2016. In recent studies, THAIV is considered to act as an additional causative agent of HFRS. It should be noted that SEOV is harbored by Rattus norvegicus (brown rat) worldwide, but only those locations where reports of human infections with SEOV are shown. The map was created specifically for this manuscript and was generated by ArcGIS 9.2 (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA) based on World Countries (http://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=d974d9c6bc924ae0a2ffea0a46d71e3d). HFRS, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome; HPS, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome; NE, nephropathia epidemica; PUUV, Puumala virus; SEOV, Seoul virus; THAIV, Thailand virus.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006901.g001

Environment variation and hantavirus reservoir population dynamics

A bottom-up trophic cascade hypothesis has been proposed to explain the chain reactions resulting from climatic conditions, primary productivity, and host demography [27,40,41]. A bottom-up trophic cascade suggests that a change in nutrient supply could lead to similar changes in equilibrium abundances at all trophic levels [42,43]. In rodent host-hantavirus systems, climatic conditions are one of the many factors that can affect rodent population dynamics and, consequently, the prevalence of virus infection in rodent reservoirs and risk of virus exposure in humans [44] (see example shown in Fig 2). A review of the available longitudinal studies of rodent communities supports the hypothesis that hantavirus reservoir populations in both the Old World and New World are significantly influenced by climate, either directly (via winter survival) or indirectly (through food limitation).

thumbnail
Fig 2. An overview of the ecological dynamics of HFRS caused by HTNV infection.
Arrows represent connections affected by environment: the green line represents rainfall, and the orange line represents temperature. The solid line indicates available data, used in models linking the ENSO (Nino3.4 index) with local climate (rainfall and temperature), rodent population density (capture rate), and human HTNV infections. The rectangles delimit the seasonal, interannual, and zoonotic cycles of HTNV. Source: Adapted from [46]. ENSO, El Niño Southern Oscillation; HFRS, hemmorrhagic fever with renal syndrome; HTNV, Hantaan virus.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006901.g002
In Central China, an environmentally induced cascading effect on the population dynamics of the striped field mouse (Aagrarius, the main reservoir host for HTNV) was found by combining 30 years of field surveillance and satellite images. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) value for farmland, and precipitation two months previously, were important in determining striped field mouse survival and recruitment rates, respectively [45]. An extreme drought-induced food shortage is thought to increase mortality in striped field mouse populations, as they are a species that relies on farm crops [45]. Furthermore, winter temperature was found to exert complex effects on overwinter survival, thereby affecting the population growth rate in the following year [46]. In South China, the population density of the main reservoir host for SEOV, the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), is correlated with temperature, precipitation, and the NDVI value for farmland [47]. In northeastern China, in Huludao City, an endemic area for HFRS due to SEOV, climate is considered to affect HFRS epidemics mainly through its effect on the population density of the brown rat (the most abundant rodent species present, accounting for more than 80% of the total rodent population) [48]. In Europe, food-related factors (seed production, climate affecting vegetation biomass) have been linked to rodent populations in deciduous forests [30,49]. Outbreaks of nephropathia epidemica (NE; a mild form of HFRS caused by PUUV infection) are hypothesized to have an ecological causal connection with the staple food source for the main carrier of PUUV, the bank vole, in mast years [32,50,51]. Population densities of bank voles were found to be associated with summer temperature and autumn temperature, both of which favor seed development [52,53]. A higher average winter temperature is believed to reduce winter survival of bank voles in Scandinavia because of a shorter period of protective snow cover against predators. On the contrary, increasing winter temperatures are found to provide a survival benefit to increasing populations of striped field mouse in the spring in Central China; subsequently, a large population of rodents might be accompanied by intraspecific competition due to food or space limitation, resulting in a negative-feedback effect of population density [46]. In North America, the HPS outbreak in 1993 in the Four Corners region of the southwestern US was considered to be driven by increased precipitation induced by an El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. The HPS outbreaks in 1997 in the same region were also preceded by an ENSO event, which brought increased precipitation, favoring deer mouse host populations [26,27]. NDVI is also used to identify locations that can be monitored for the abundance of deer mouse and presence of SNV by examining the seasonal dynamics of vegetative patterns [54]. In central Montana, US, the survival and recruitment rates of the deer mouse were found to be associated with precipitation and temperature, implying a complex relationship between climate and population dynamics [55].

Rodent population dynamics and risk to humans

Long-term observations on the prevalence of hantavirus infection in rodent hosts are critical to understanding the dynamics of hantavirus diseases in humans. Similarly, analysis of hostpathogen interactions is important to successfully implement disease control strategies [56]. Hantaviruses are known to be directly transmitted from infected to susceptible hosts (horizontal transmission). Therefore, changes in rodent population densities are expected to increase or decrease the transmission and prevalence of hantavirus infection in rodent reservoir populations, resulting in greater or lower levels of spillover to humans [28]. The dynamics of rodent population density and hantavirus infection prevalence are linked by contact rates; the virus may become extinct below a certain host density, corresponding to the minimum number of hosts required for virus maintenance in a population [57]. A critical population density threshold of striped field mice has been observed in Central China, below which HTNV cannot invade and persist in the population [45]. A similar population density threshold has been observed in the SNV reservoir, the deer mouse, in North America [58,59]. Rodent community composition has also been found to affect the risk of human hantavirus infection among different landscapes [60].
Studies have demonstrated positive correlations between relative population density of bank voles and prevalence of PUUV infection among rodent populations [61]. Bank vole density indices were also positively correlated with risk of HFRS in humans in northern Sweden, Finland, and Norway [6264]. However, the relationship between rodent demography and disease dynamics in China and North America is more complicated. In Central China, fluctuation in HFRS incidence is highly correlated with striped field mouse population density and the prevalence of HFRS infection in Shaanxi Province, an endemic area for HFRS due to HTNV [13]. In northeastern China, HFRS cases are associated with a virus-carrying index, an indicator to describe the combined effects of rodent population density and prevalence of virus infection, with a one-month lag, in the SEOV endemic area of HFRS [48]. However, in South China, the number of HFRS cases is not associated with rodent population density in Chenzhou and Changsha (the main species captured are RnorvegicusRflavipectus, and Mus musculus), which are mixed HTNV and SEOV endemic areas [65,66]. In North America, different relationships have been found between deer mouse population density and SNV infection prevalence in the deer mouse populationpositive correlations [17,27,67], no linear correlation [59,68,69], and even negative correlations [18,70,71]. (It should also be noted that the different correlational relationship may be due to temporal issues; e.g., some studies take account of time lags when analyzing the data while others do not.) Because hantaviruses are horizontally transmitted, these inconsistent results may be due to two conflicting effects of population dynamics on prevalence [28]. During breeding seasons, rapid population growth of juveniles not yet infected may increase the proportion of uninfected rodents and potentially decrease hantavirus prevalence [72,73], whereas the resulting higher population size may eventually increase contact between individuals and prevalence. Taken together, these studies point to several issues that could be of importance to understanding the relationship between reservoir population dynamics and pathogen transmission [57]. Future demographic studies should aim to establish causal mechanisms linking behavior, demography, and virus prevalence dynamics.

Environmental factors that trigger hantavirus disease outbreaks

Environmental factors are major triggers that affect reservoir ecology and virus ecology and thus are likely to affect hantavirus transmission from rodent reservoir to humans (or risk of virus exposure in humans). However, although outbreaks appear to be a result of these factors, it is difficult to predict the exact outcome, chiefly due to the complex and multifactorial mechanisms that drive hantavirus disease outbreaks. Studies have highlighted the importance of the interplay between extrinsic and intrinsic factors in determining hantavirus disease dynamics [45,46,74], e.g., when the size of outbreaks is small due to low population susceptibility levels as the result of vaccination or the rodent reservoir population density is below the threshold level required to maintain the virus due to environmental limitations. In this section, studies addressing environmental variability and human hantavirus infections were included (Table 1), and we mainly review three factors that play an important role in altering hantavirus disease dynamics and have been documented sufficientlyprecipitation, temperature, and landscape alteration.
It is becoming increasingly more apparent that climatic variations have profound impacts on infectious disease dynamics [75,76], especially for climate-sensitive infectious diseases; e.g., human hantavirus diseases are considered climate-sensitive infectious diseases [77]. Understanding the influence of climatic drivers on hantavirus disease ecology can help in forecasting and prevention, which is even more urgently needed in this era of climate change. Recently, Tian and colleagues [46] investigated the role extrinsic factors (climatic conditions) play in determining hantavirus disease dynamics in Central China. A unique data set from Central China covering half a century showed the existence of a climate-driven transmission mechanism for HTNV from the striped field mouse to humans [21]. HFRS outbreaks were highly correlated with specific environmental conditionslow summer temperature and abundant summer precipitation. Conversely, very few disease outbreaks occurred under conditions of high summer temperatures and drought (Fig 3A) [46]. In South China, HFRS incidence was also found to be positively correlated with annual precipitation and absolute humidity during 1991 to 2010 [78]. HPS outbreaks in the Four Corners region of the US are considered to be driven by ENSO-associated precipitation events as well [26,79].

thumbnail
Fig 3. Environmental factors associated with hantavirus disease outbreaks.
(A) Relationship between summer temperature, summer rainfall, and HFRS cases in Weihe Plain, North China, 1960 to 2013. Circle size is proportionate to the number of HFRS cases [46]. (B) Contribution of the environmental variables to the explained variance of hantavirus-antibodypositive in rodents using a multivariate principal component analysis in Hunan Province, South China, 2007 to 2010. Dimensions 1 and 2 are the spaces where variables are expressed. The length (angle) of the arrows represents the magnitude (direction) of the correlation coefficient between the variable and the principal components. The contributions of the variables to the hantavirus-antibodypositive in rodents are ranked with colors ranging from green to red, respectively (reproduced from Xiao 2016 with permission of the publisher [127]). Dim, dimension; HFRS, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome; NDVI, normalized difference vegetation index.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006901.g003
However, precipitation can also negatively affect or have no effect on the incidence of hantavirus disease, depending on magnitude and region [80]. In Europe, no clear relationship of rainfall with human hantavirus infections was shown [77], except that one study illustrated rainfall in the summer three years before hantavirus disease incidence increased [50]. Other studies also demonstrated no significant association between rainfall and hantavirus disease [52,81,82]. In Cascade and Polson, Montana, US, increases in primary productivity, deer mouse population densities, and human disease risk are less sensitive to changes in the amount of rainfall [83]. In low-lying regions of China, such as Anhui Province, HFRS incidence and rodent population density (dominated by the striped field mouse) are all negatively correlated with the total precipitation [8486]. Heavy precipitation there may kill rodents by flooding their burrows and nests, thereby reducing host population density and the risk of human exposure to pathogens. Floods could also cause movement of rodent populations (even community-level changes [87]) to new habitats and eventually disease emergence in new sites.
Temperature could influence disease dynamics through its impact on the rodent reservoir population dynamics and pathogen survival in the external environment, subsequently influencing humananimal contact patterns. However, compared to precipitation, the effects of temperature have been less investigated, and contradictory findings make it difficult to draw firm conclusions. For example, in Central China, higher summer temperatures were followed by a lower incidence of HFRS in autumn (Fig 3A) [46]this was presumably due to a reduced frequency of contacts between rodents and between rodents and humans, coupled with an unfavorable environment for virus survival [88]whereas in Belgium, a higher summer temperature two years before led to higher NE incidence [50,52]. A potential explanation is that the higher temperature two years before might have stimulated bud formation that contributed to heavy masting one year before. Likewise, opposite associations between mean temperature and hantavirus infection incidence were found across China [20,66,89,90]. In South America, HPS caused by ANDV was also negatively associated with winter temperature [91]. Conversely, in North America, a positive relationship between hantavirus disease incidence and temperature was reported [80]. There is a need for more studies to investigate the mechanisms behind these relationships.

Humananimal interface

Humananimal interface constitutes the boundary/barrier for cross species transmission of disease and the environment (including ecological and anthropological factors) within which these species exist [92,93]. In the preceding sections, we have summarized the ecological factors and processes that affect hantavirus diseases dynamics; hereafter, anthropological factors will be reviewed, including agricultural activity, human-driven land-use change, and vaccination. In HPS endemic regions of America, agriculture-associated activities were also most commonly reported as potential risk factors [9497], and seropositive rodents were found with high frequency in agricultural landscapes [98,99]. In the HTNV-type endemic area of central China, seasonal pattern of HFRS dynamics is found to coincide with the increase in potential contact between rodents and humans in the dry season due to seasonal agricultural activities [45,100]. Besides, the breeding season of striped field mouse, the local rodent host, is closely associated with agricultural activity. Moreover, it could be concluded that agricultural activity may influence the activity and life cycles of local striped field mouse and in turn shape disease dynamics.
Human-driven landscape change could influence rodent host behavior and the composition of reservoir communities in such a way as to impact pathogen transmission [101,102]. The major consequences of landscape alteration are habitat loss and changes in species composition due to the loss of specialist species and the increase in generalist species [74], and these consequences either increase or decrease the risk of disease transmission at the humananimal interface. For example, HFRS epidemics in China peaked in autumn and winter in the area where the dominant hantavirus is the Apodemus-borne HTNV, whereas the area with Rattus-borne SEOV saw epidemic peaks in spring [103]. These two distinct rodent species have different breeding sites with special landscape attributes [104], which changes the epidemiological characteristics of hantavirus disease. Human disturbance also affects survival probabilities and reproduction of rodent hosts [105]. Another consequence of landscape alteration is loss of biodiversity, which is considered to affect the transfer of pathogens among species and influence the risk of infection to humans. Biodiversity loss may result in increased hantavirus infection prevalence in host populations [106], affecting the dynamics of SNV in the US, Choclo hantavirus in Panama, and PUUV in Europe [68,107111]. For some directly transmitted and vector-borne zoonotic diseases, it has been hypothesized that increased species diversity would result in a lower pathogen prevalence in competent hosts and therefore lower risk of infection to humans by a mechanism called the dilution effect [112], although there is still a debate about the (positive or negative) relationship between biodiversity and zoonotic disease transmission, e.g., SNV and deer mice system in America [113]. To our knowledge, few attempts have been made to evaluate this effect with regards to HTNV/striped field mouse system in China. Further testing of this theory is therefore still required. Another human-driven landscape change is induced by urbanization (i.e., urban expansion). However, the relationship between the diffusion of zoonotic pathogens and urbanization is complex because of the contrasting effects (Fig 4): cities with faster economic growth may attract more immigrants and reach their endemic turning points later (endemic turning point defined as point at which incidence changes from increasing to decreasing), whereas economic growth that contributes towards improvements in the living conditions may decrease contact between rats and humans [114].

thumbnail
Fig 4. Urbanization, immigration, and hantavirus disease epidemics in an endemic area of south China.
(A) Urbanization and HFRS incidence in Hunan Province. A biphasic inverted U-shaped relationship was found between hantavirus disease epidemics and urbanization. (B) The number of immigrants and HFRS incidence. This result indicates that the effect of urbanization on HFRS epidemics changed, whereas the effect of immigration remained constant. Source: Adapted from [114]. HFRS, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006901.g004
Vaccination programs against HFRS have been in practice for more than 20 years in China, where the incidence of HFRS has decreased with occasional small fluctuations. It has been reported that the age distribution of HFRS infections has clearly changed in recent years, ever since the Expanded Program of Immunization for regions with high HFRS incidence was implemented in 2008 [115]. Simulations conducted on data from a county in Central China have shown that vaccination will alter the dynamics of HFRS outbreaks [45]. The vaccination-induced reduction in susceptible human population gradually led to the reduction of human hantavirus infections and successfully averted further epidemics. The findings in China therefore highlight the necessity for a vaccination strategy and provide important insights for other countries.

Discussion

The dynamics of hantavirus epidemics involve multiple phases, including environmental drivers that influence infectious diseases, transmission in the animal reservoir, and spillover transmission to humans. The complexity of disease dynamics has been highlighted in recent decades by contradicting trends; the incidence of HFRS has decreased in China [22,116] and increased in Europe [31]. Although pioneering research efforts to study both New World and Old World strains of hantaviruses in rodents have been undertaken, as well as related prevention strategies, it is evident that much work remains to be done. By further studying the transmission dynamics of hantaviruses, better prediction and prevention measures can be implemented to protect human health, and critical insight can be obtained into the ecology of hantaviruses and their rodent hosts.
The geographic distributions of hantaviruses reflect the distributions of their reservoir hosts [3], and our knowledge of the host associations of hantaviruses is expanding. For example, the hantavirus isolated in Africa, Sangassou virus, was recently found in the African wood mouse (Hylomyscus simus) [117]. Although, in general, each hantavirus has been considered to be associated with a specific reservoir host, there have been cases that suggest rodent host expansion (e.g., pathogens that can infect multiple host species) for both HTNV and SEOV in China [22,118120]. This challenges the strict rodentvirus coevolution theory and demonstrates that at least some hantaviruses can infect other susceptible rodents in addition to primary hosts, expanding the number of potential animal hosts [121]. These cases raise the question as to what role undetected or potential hosts play in hantavirus ecology and further influence the risk of human infectionsa question largely ignored in the past and an area of further research. Further research is also needed to clarify the relationships between diversity and prevalence across types of ecosystems and host species, in particular, as the dilution effect on prevalence dynamics has broad potential applicability in predicting virus prevalence among rodent hosts.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review to compare hantavirus disease dynamics, from environmental variability to rodent reservoir and to public health, among the main endemic areas across the globe. This review is timely because of the increasing public awareness of hantavirus diseases in Europe, in particular, over the last years. Limitations of this systematic review were that individual studies had differencessurveillance strategies for hantavirus infections, rodent sampling methods, rodent community compositions, socioeconomic factors, and environmental conditions. Therefore, studies were not all directly comparable, especially among China, European countries, and the US. Additionally, it should be noted that unusual human exposure (like war-induced exposure) to otherwise normal environment is an often forgotten risk factor for limited outbreaks [122]. Besides, there are more recent studies on ANDV-like viruses in South America that explore the environment conditions relevant to the occurrence of the host and the circulation of the virus, scrutinize the evidence for climate sensitivity of related disease risk, and recognize those areas of high risk for humans [91,123126]. However, in this review, more attention was paid to longitudinal studies of sufficient scale. Finally, our focus on China in the review reflects the fact that for this country highly comprehensive data exist.
Establishing a mechanistically determined predictive framework for rodent-borne hantavirus disease prediction and prevention is urgently required to proactively protect the public from the increasing threat of hantaviruses. Such a framework would also provide insight into climate change, landscape alteration, rodent community composition, and pathogen spillover.


Key Learning Points

With this review we have demonstrated the following:
  1. The complex seasonality and interannual cycles of hantavirus disease dynamics are a direct result of the (nonlinear) interaction between the population dynamics of the rodent host, environmental forcing, and humanwildlife contact patterns.
  2. Specific environmental conditions can trigger hantavirus disease outbreaks, but the outcomes may differ among strains or areas mediated by the underlying mechanisms of hantavirus transmission. For example, in Weihe Plain of Central China, higher summer temperatures were followed by a lower incidence of HFRS in autumn; conversely, in North America, a positive relationship between hantavirus disease incidence and temperature was reported, indicating the complexity across different systems.
  3. Current efforts to curb hantavirus transmission focus on avoiding contact between humans and host rodents as there is no WHO-licensed vaccine against hantavirus infections available (except Hantavax, which is licensed for human use only in the Republic of Korea). Hence, a broader appreciation for the epidemiological links among human beings, animals, and environment can result in more effective control of disease outbreak.


Top Five Papers

  1. Yates TL, Mills JN, Parmenter CA, Ksiazek TG, Parmenter RR, et al. (2002) The ecology and evolutionary history of an emergent disease: hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Bioscience 52: 989998.
  2. Glass GE, Yates TL, Fine JB, Shields TM, Kendall JB, et al. (2002) Satellite imagery characterizes local animal reservoir populations of Sin Nombre virus in the southwestern United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 1681716822.
  3. Clement J, Vercauteren J, Verstraeten W, Ducoffre G, Barrios J, et al. (2009) Relating increasing hantavirus incidences to the changing climate: the mast connection. International Journal of Health Geographics 8: 1.
  4. Jonsson CB, Figueiredo LTM, Vapalahti O (2010) A global perspective on hantavirus ecology, epidemiology, and disease. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 23: 412441.
  5. Yan L, Fang LQ, Huang HG, Zhang LQ, Feng D, et al. (2007) Landscape elements and Hantaan virus-related hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, People's Republic of China. Emerging Infectious Diseases 13(9): 13011306.

Acknowledgments

We thank Jan Clement and James N. Mills for their valuable comments, which have been very helpful in improving the manuscript.

References

  1. 1. Maes P, Alkhovsky SV, Bào Y, Beer M, Birkhead M, et al. (2018) Taxonomy of the family Arenaviridae and the order Bunyavirales: update 2018. Arch Virol:
  2. 2. Vaheri A, Strandin T, Hepojoki J, Sironen T, Henttonen H, et al. (2013) Uncovering the mysteries of hantavirus infections. Nat Rev Microbiol 11: 539550. pmid:24020072
  3. 3. Jonsson CB, Figueiredo LTM, Vapalahti O (2010) A global perspective on hantavirus ecology, epidemiology, and disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 23: 412441. pmid:20375360
  4. 4. Hart C, Bennett M (1999) Hantavirus infections: epidemiology and pathogenesis. Microbes Infect 1: 12291237. pmid:10580279
  5. 5. Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF, Morzunov S, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, et al. (1993) Genetic identification of a hantavirus associated with an outbreak of acute respiratory illness. Science 262: 914917. pmid:8235615
  6. 6. Bi Z, Formenty PB, Roth CE (2008) Hantavirus infection: a review and global update. J Infect Dev Ctries 2: 323. pmid:19736383
  7. 7. Watson DC, Sargianou M, Papa A, Chra P, Starakis I, et al. (2014) Epidemiology of Hantavirus infections in humans: a comprehensive, global overview. Crit Rev Microbiol 40: 261272. pmid:23607444
  8. 8. Ferrés M, Vial P, Marco C, Yanez L, Godoy P, et al. (2007) Prospective evaluation of household contacts of persons with hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in Chile. J Infect Dis 195: 15631571. pmid:17471425
  9. 9. Martinez VP, Bellomo C, San Juan J, Pinna D, Forlenza R, et al. (2005) Person-to-person transmission of Andes virus. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 18481853. pmid:16485469
  10. 10. Padula P, Edelstein A, Miguel S, Lopez N, Rossi C, et al. (1998) Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome outbreak in Argentina: molecular evidence for person-to-person transmission of Andes virus. Virology 241: 323330. pmid:9499807
  11. 11. Martinez-Valdebenito C, Calvo M, Vial C, Mansilla R, Marco C, et al. (2014) Person-to-person household and nosocomial transmission of Andes hantavirus, Southern Chile, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 20: 16291636. pmid:25272189
  12. 12. Hjelle B, Torres-Pérez F (2010) Hantaviruses in the Americas and their role as emerging pathogens. Viruses 2: 25592586. pmid:21994631
  13. 13. Yu P, Tian H, Ma C, Ma C, Wei J, et al. (2015) Hantavirus infection in rodents and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Shaanxi province, China, 19842012. Epidemiol Infect 143: 405411. pmid:24787374
  14. 14. Johnson PT, de Roode JC, Fenton A (2015) Why infectious disease research needs community ecology. Science 349: 1259504. pmid:26339035
  15. 15. Smith MJ, Telfer S, Kallio ER, Burthe S, Cook AR, et al. (2009) Hostpathogen time series data in wildlife support a transmission function between density and frequency dependence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 79057909. pmid:19416827
  16. 16. Mills JN, Ksiazek TG, Ellis BA, Rollin PE, Nichol ST, et al. (1997) Patterns of association with host and habitat: antibody reactive with Sin Nombre virus in small mammals in the major biotic communities of the southwestern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56: 273284. pmid:9129529
  17. 17. Calisher CH, Sweeney W, Mills JN, Beaty BJ (1999) Natural history of Sin Nombre virus in western Colorado. Emerg Infect Dis 5: 126134. pmid:10081680
  18. 18. Douglass RJ, Wilson T, Semmens WJ, Zanto SN, Bond CW, et al. (2001) Longitudinal studies of Sin Nombre virus in deer mouse-dominated ecosystems of Montana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 3341. pmid:11504405
  19. 19. Jiang H, Zheng X, Wang L, Du H, Wang P, et al. (2017) Hantavirus infection: a global zoonotic challenge. Virol Sin 32: 3243. pmid:28120221
  20. 20. Xiao H, Tian HY, Gao LD, Liu HN, Duan LS, et al. (2014) Animal reservoir, natural and socioeconomic variations and the transmission of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Chenzhou, China, 20062010. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2615. pmid:24421910
  21. 21. Forbes KM, Sironen T, Plyusnin A (2018) Hantavirus maintenance and transmission in reservoir host populations. Curr Opin Virol 28: 16. pmid:29024905
  22. 22. Zhang YZ, Zou Y, Fu ZF, Plyusnin A (2010) Hantavirus infections in humans and animals, China. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 11951203. pmid:20678311
  23. 23. Lee H, French G, Lee P, Baek L, Tsuchiya K, et al. (1981) Observations on natural and laboratory infection of rodents with the etiologic agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30: 477482. pmid:6786119
  24. 24. Lee HW, Lee PW, Johnson KM (1978) Isolation of the etiologic agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis 137: 298308. pmid:24670
  25. 25. Kariwa H, Yoshimatsu K, Arikawa J (2007) Hantavirus infection in East Asia. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 30: 341356. pmid:17655929
  26. 26. Glass GE, Cheek JE, Patz JA, Shields TM, Doyle TJ, et al. (2000) Using remotely sensed data to identify areas at risk for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Emerg Infect Dis 6: 238247. pmid:10827113
  27. 27. Yates TL, Mills JN, Parmenter CA, Ksiazek TG, Parmenter RR, et al. (2002) The ecology and evolutionary history of an emergent disease: hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Bioscience 52: 989998.
  28. 28. Mills JN, Yates TL, Ksiazek TG, Peters C, Childs JE (1999) Long-term studies of hantavirus reservoir populations in the southwestern United States: rationale, potential, and methods. Emerg Infect Dis 5: 95101. pmid:10081676
  29. 29. Clement J, Colson P, McKenna P (1994) Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in New England and Europe. N Engl J Med 331: 545546.
  30. 30. Olsson GE, Leirs H, Henttonen H (2010) Hantaviruses and their hosts in Europe: reservoirs here and there, but not everywhere? Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10: 549561. pmid:20795916
  31. 31. Vaheri A, Henttonen H, Voutilainen L, Mustonen J, Sironen T, et al. (2013) Hantavirus infections in Europe and their impact on public health. Rev Med Virol 23: 3549. pmid:22761056
  32. 32. Vapalahti O, Mustonen J, Lundkvist Ã…, Henttonen H, Plyusnin A, et al. (2003) Hantavirus infections in Europe. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 653661. pmid:14522264
  33. 33. Clement J, Maes P, Lagrou K, Van Ranst M, Lameire N (2012) A unifying hypothesis and a single name for a complex globally emerging infection: hantavirus disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 31: 15. pmid:22068273
  34. 34. Witkowski PT, Klempa B, Ithete NL, Auste B, Mfune JK, et al. (2014) Hantaviruses in Africa. Virus Res 187: 3442. pmid:24406800
  35. 35. Kruger DH, Figueiredo LTM, Song J-W, Klempa B (2015) Hantavirusesglobally emerging pathogens. J Clin Virol 64: 128136. pmid:25453325
  36. 36. Reynes JM, Carli D, Bour JB, Boudjeltia S, Dewilde A, et al. (2017) Seoul Virus Infection in Humans, France, 20142016. Emerg Infect Dis 23: 973977. pmid:28368241
  37. 37. McElhinney LM, Marston DA, Pounder KC, Goharriz H, Wise EL, et al. (2017) High prevalence of Seoul hantavirus in a breeding colony of pet rats. Epidemiol Infect 145: 31153124. pmid:28965516
  38. 38. Fill MA, Mullins H, May AS, Henderson H, Brown SM, et al. (2017) Notes from the Field: Multiple Cases of Seoul Virus Infection in a Household with Infected Pet RatsTennessee, December 2016April 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 66: 10811082. pmid:29023435
  39. 39. Kerins JL, Koske SE, Kazmierczak J, Austin C, Gowdy K, et al. (2018) Outbreak of Seoul virus among rats and rat ownersUnited States and Canada, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 67: 131134. pmid:29393924
  40. 40. Parmenter RR, Brunt JW, Moore DI, Ernest S (1993) The hantavirus epidemic in the Southwest: rodent population dynamics and the implications for transmission of hantavirus-associated adult respiratory distress syndrome (HARDS) in the Four Corners region. Publication No. 31. Sevilleta Long-TermEcological Research Program (LTER), 1993.
  41. 41. Yu P, Li Y, Xu B, Wei J, Li S, et al. (2017) Using satellite data for the characterization of local animal reservoir populations of Hantaan virus on the Weihe Plain, China. Remote Sensing 9: 1076.
  42. 42. Kagata H, Ohgushi T (2006) Bottom-up trophic cascades and material transfer in terrestrial food webs. Ecol Res 21: 2634.
  43. 43. Heath MR, Speirs DC, Steele JH (2014) Understanding patterns and processes in models of trophic cascades. Ecol Lett 17: 101114. pmid:24165353
  44. 44. Hansen A, Cameron S, Liu Q, Sun Y, Weinstein P, et al. (2015) Transmission of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China and the role of climate factors: a review. Int J Infect Dis 33: 212218. pmid:25704595
  45. 45. Tian H, Yu P, Bjørnstad ON, Cazelles B, Yang J, et al. (2017) Anthropogenically driven environmental changes shift the ecological dynamics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. PLoS Pathog 13: e1006198. pmid:28141833
  46. 46. Tian H, Yu P, Cazelles B, Xu L, Tan H, et al. (2017) Interannual cycles of Hantaan virus outbreaks at the humananimal interface in Central China are controlled by temperature and rainfall. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 114: 80418046. pmid:28696305
  47. 47. Xiao H, Liu HN, Gao LD, Huang CR, Li Z, et al. (2013) Investigating the effects of food available and climatic variables on the animal host density of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Changsha, China. PLoS ONE 8: e61536. pmid:23637849
  48. 48. Guan P, Huang D, He M, Shen T, Guo J, et al. (2009) Investigating the effects of climatic variables and reservoir on the incidence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Huludao City, China: a 17-year data analysis based on structure equation model. BMC Infect Dis 9: 109. pmid:19583875
  49. 49. Pucek Z, Jedrzejewski W, Jedrzejewska B, Pucek M (1993) Rodent population dynamics in a primeval deciduous forest (Bialowieza National Park) in relation to weather, seed crop, and predation. Acta Theriol 38: 199232.
  50. 50. Clement J, Vercauteren J, Verstraeten W, Ducoffre G, Barrios J, et al. (2009) Relating increasing hantavirus incidences to the changing climate: the mast connection. Int J Health Geogr 8: 1. pmid:19149870
  51. 51. Haredasht SA, Barrios JM, Maes P, Verstraeten WW, Clement J, et al. (2011) A dynamic data-based model describing nephropathia epidemica in Belgium. Biosyst Eng 109: 7789.
  52. 52. Tersago K, Verhagen R, Servais A, al e (2009) Hantavirus disease (nephropathia epidemica) in Belgium: effects of tree seed production and climate. Epidemiol Infect 137: 250256. pmid:18606026
  53. 53. Schwarz AC, Ranft U, Piechotowski I, Childs JE, Brockmann SO (2009) Risk factors for human infection with Puumala virus, southwestern Germany. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 10321039. pmid:19624917
  54. 54. Glass GE, Shields T, Cai B, Yates TL, Parmenter R (2007) Persistently highest risk areas for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: potential sites for refugia. Ecol Appl 17: 129139. pmid:17479840
  55. 55. Luis AD, Douglass RJ, Mills JN, Bjørnstad ON (2010) The effect of seasonality, density and climate on the population dynamics of Montana deer mice, important reservoir hosts for Sin Nombre hantavirus. J Anim Ecol 79: 462470. pmid:20015212
  56. 56. Smith KF, Dobson AP, McKenzie FE, Real LA, Smith DL, et al. (2005) Ecological theory to enhance infectious disease control and public health policy. Front Ecol Environ 3: 2937. pmid:19838319
  57. 57. Khalil H, Hörnfeldt B, Evander M, Magnusson M, Olsson G, et al. (2014) Dynamics and drivers of hantavirus prevalence in rodent populations. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 14: 537551. pmid:25072983
  58. 58. Luis AD, Douglass RJ, Mills JN, Bjørnstad ON (2015) Environmental fluctuations lead to predictability in Sin Nombre hantavirus outbreaks. Ecology 96: 16911701.
  59. 59. Boone JD, Otteson EW, McGwire KC, Villard P, Rowe JE, et al. (1998) Ecology and demographics of hantavirus infections in rodent populations in the Walker River Basin of Nevada and California. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 445451. pmid:9749642
  60. 60. Xiao H, Tong X, Huang R, Gao L, Hu S, et al. (2018) Landscape and rodent community composition are associated with risk of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in two cities in China, 20062013. BMC Infect Dis 18: 37. pmid:29329512
  61. 61. Olsson GE, White N, Ahlm C, Elgh F, Verlemyr A-C, et al. (2002) Demographic factors associated with hantavirus infection in bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus). Emerg Infect Dis 8: 924929. pmid:12194768
  62. 62. Olsson GE, Hjertqvist M, Lundkvist Ã…, Hörnfeldt B (2009) Predicting high risk for human hantavirus infections, Sweden. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 104106. pmid:19116065
  63. 63. Kallio ER, Begon M, Henttonen H, Koskela E, Mappes T, et al. (2009) Cyclic hantavirus epidemics in humanspredicted by rodent host dynamics. Epidemics 1: 101107. pmid:21352757
  64. 64. Milhano N, Korslund L, Evander M, Ahlm C, Vainio K, et al. (2017) Circulation and diagnostics of Puumala virus in Norway: nephropatia epidemica incidence and rodent population dynamics. Apmis 125: 732742. pmid:28585306
  65. 65. Xiao H, Tian HY, Gao LD, Liu HN, Duan LS, et al. (2014) Animal reservoir, natural and socioeconomic variations and the transmission of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Chenzhou, China, 20062010. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2615. pmid:24421910
  66. 66. Xiao H, Gao L, Li X, Lin X, Dai X, et al. (2013) Environmental variability and the transmission of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Changsha, People's Republic of China. Epidemiol Infect 141: 18671875. pmid:23158456
  67. 67. Calisher CH, Wagoner KD, Amman BR, Root JJ, Douglass RJ, et al. (2007) Demographic factors associated with prevalence of antibody to Sin Nombre virus in deer mice in the western United States. J Wildl Dis 43: 111. pmid:17347388
  68. 68. Clay CA, Lehmer EM, Jeor SS, Dearing MD (2009) Sin Nombre virus and rodent species diversity: a test of the dilution and amplification hypotheses. PLoS ONE 4: e6467. pmid:19649283
  69. 69. Pearce-Duvet JM, St. Jeor SC, Boone JD, Dearing MD(2006) Changes in Sin Nombre virus antibody prevalence in deer mice across seasons: the interaction between habitat, sex, and infection in deer mice. J Wildl Dis 42: 819824. pmid:17255449
  70. 70. Calisher CH, Root JJ, Mills JN, Rowe JE, Reeder SA, et al. (2005) Epizootiology of Sin Nombre and El Moro Canyon hantaviruses, southeastern Colorado, 19952000. J Wildl Dis 41: 111. pmid:15827206
  71. 71. Biggs JR, Bennett KD, Mullen MA, Haarmann TK, Salisbury M, et al. (2000) Relationship of ecological variables to Sin Nombre virus antibody seroprevalence in populations of deer mice. J Mammal 81: 676682.
  72. 72. Mills JN, Ksiazek TG, Peters C, Childs JE (1999) Long-term studies of hantavirus reservoir populations in the southwestern United States: a synthesis. Emerg Infect Dis 5: 135142. pmid:10081681
  73. 73. Davis S, Calvet E, Leirs H (2005) Fluctuating rodent populations and risk to humans from rodent-borne zoonoses. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5: 305314. pmid:16417426
  74. 74. Prist PR, Metzger JP Landscape, climate and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome outbreaks. EcoHealth 14: 614629. pmid:28620680
  75. 75. Patz JA, Campbell-Lendrum D, Holloway T, Foley JA (2005) Impact of regional climate change on human health. Nature 438: 310317. pmid:16292302
  76. 76. Altizer S, Ostfeld RS, Johnson PT, Kutz S, Harvell CD (2013) Climate change and infectious diseases: from evidence to a predictive framework. Science 341: 514519. pmid:23908230
  77. 77. Roda Gracia J, Schumann B, Seidler A (2015) Climate variability and the occurrence of human puumala hantavirus infections in Europe: a systematic review. Zoonoses Public Health 62: 465478. pmid:25557350
  78. 78. Xiao H, Tian HY, Cazelles B, Li XJ, Tong SL, et al. (2013) Atmospheric moisture variability and transmission of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Changsha City, Mainland China, 19912010. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2260. pmid:23755316
  79. 79. Glass GE, Yates TL, Fine JB, Shields TM, Kendall JB, et al. (2002) Satellite imagery characterizes local animal reservoir populations of Sin Nombre virus in the southwestern United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 1681716822. pmid:12473747
  80. 80. Carver S, Mills JN, Parmenter CA, Parmenter RR, Richardson KS, et al. (2015) Toward a mechanistic understanding of environmentally forced zoonotic disease emergence: Sin Nombre Hantavirus. BioScience 65: 651666. pmid:26955081
  81. 81. Linard C, Tersago K, Leirs H, Lambin EF (2007) Environmental conditions and Puumala virus transmission in Belgium. Int J Health Geogr 6: 55. pmid:18078526
  82. 82. Viel JF, Lefebvre A, Marianneau P, Joly D, Giraudoux P, et al. (2011) Environmental risk factors for haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in a French new epidemic area. Epidemiol Infect 139: 867874. pmid:20822577
  83. 83. Loehman RA, Elias J, Douglass RJ, Kuenzi AJ, Mills JN, et al. (2012) Prediction of Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse) population dynamics in Montana, USA, using satellite-driven vegetation productivity and weather data. J Wildl Dis 48: 348360. pmid:22493110
  84. 84. Bi P, Parton KA (2003) El Niño and incidence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China. JAMA 289: 176177.
  85. 85. Bi P, Tong S, Donald K, Parton K, Ni J (2002) Climatic, reservoir and occupational variables and the transmission of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China. Int J Epidemiol 31: 189193. pmid:11914320
  86. 86. Bi P, Wu X, Zhang F, Parton KA, Tong S (1998) Seasonal rainfall variability, the incidence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, and prediction of the disease in low-lying areas of China. Am J Epidemiol 148: 276281. pmid:9690365
  87. 87. Thibault KM, Brown JH (2008) Impact of an extreme climatic event on community assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 34103415. pmid:18303115
  88. 88. Kallio ER, Klingström J, Gustafsson E, Manni T, Vaheri A, et al. (2006) Prolonged survival of Puumala hantavirus outside the host: evidence for indirect transmission via the environment. J Gen Virol 87: 21272134. pmid:16847107
  89. 89. Zhang WY, Guo WD, Fang LQ, Li CP, Bi P, et al. (2010) Climate variability and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome transmission in Northeastern China. Environ Health Perspect 118: 915920. pmid:20142167
  90. 90. Fang L, Wang X, Liang S, Li Y, Song S, et al. (2010) Spatiotemporal trends and climatic factors of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome epidemic in Shandong Province, China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e789. pmid:20706629
  91. 91. Andreo V, Neteler M, Rocchini D, Provensal C, Levis S, et al. (2014) Estimating Hantavirus risk in southern Argentina: a GIS-based approach combining human cases and host distribution. Viruses 6: 201222. pmid:24424500
  92. 92. Hassell JM, Begon M, Ward MJ, Fèvre EM (2017) Urbanization and disease emergence: Dynamics at the wildlifelivestockhuman interface. Trends Ecol Evol 32: 5567. pmid:28029378
  93. 93. Reperant LA, Cornaglia G, Osterhaus AD (2012) The importance of understanding the humananimal interface. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 365: 4981.
  94. 94. Martinez VP, Bellomo CM, Cacace ML, Suárez P, Bogni L, et al. (2010) Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Argentina, 19952008. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 18531860. pmid:21122213
  95. 95. Mendes WS, Da Silva AA, Aragão LF, Aragão NJ, Raposo MdL, et al. (2004) Hantavirus infection in Anajatuba, Maranhao, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 14961498. pmid:15496259
  96. 96. Matheus S, Djossou F, Moua D, Bourbigot AM, Hommel D, et al. (2010) Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, French Guiana. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 739741. pmid:20350412
  97. 97. Maurice AdS, Ervin E, Schumacher M, Yaglom H, VinHatton E, et al. (2017) Exposure characteristics of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome patients, United States, 19932015. Emerg Infect Dis 23: 733739. pmid:28418312
  98. 98. Goodin DG, Koch DE, Owen RD, Chu YK, Hutchinson JS, et al. (2006) Land cover associated with hantavirus presence in Paraguay. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 15: 519527.
  99. 99. Armién B, Ortiz PL, Gonzalez P, Cumbrera A, Rivero A, et al. (2016) Spatial-Temporal Distribution of Hantavirus Rodent-Borne Infection by Oligoryzomys fulvescens in the Agua Buena Region-Panama. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004460. pmid:26894436
  100. 100. Tian H, Yu P, Luis AD, Bi P, Cazelles B, et al. (2015) Changes in rodent abundance and weather conditions potentially drive hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome outbreaks in Xi'an, China, 20052012. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003530. pmid:25822936
  101. 101. Patz JA, Daszak P, Tabor GM, Aguirre AA, Pearl M, et al. (2004) Unhealthy landscapes: Policy recommendations on land use change and infectious disease emergence. Environ Health Perspect 112: 10921098. pmid:15238283
  102. 102. Lambin EF, Tran A, Vanwambeke SO, Linard C, Soti V (2010) Pathogenic landscapes: interactions between land, people, disease vectors, and their animal hosts. Int J Health Geogr 9: 54. pmid:20979609
  103. 103. Li LM (2007) Epidemiology (Sixth Edition). Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House.
  104. 104. Yan L, Fang LQ, Huang HG, Zhang LQ, Feng D, et al. (2007) Landscape elements and Hantaan virusrelated hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, Peoples Republic of China. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 13011306. pmid:18252099
  105. 105. Previtali MA, Lehmer EM, Pearce-Duvet J, Jones JD, Clay CA, et al. (2010) Roles of human disturbance, precipitation, and a pathogen on the survival and reproductive probabilities of deer mice. Ecology 91: 582592. pmid:20392022
  106. 106. Keesing F, Belden LK, Daszak P, Dobson A, Harvell CD, et al. (2010) Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases. Nature 468: 647652. pmid:21124449
  107. 107. Mills JN (2006) Biodiversity loss and emerging infectious disease: an example from the rodent-borne hemorrhagic fevers. Biodiversity 7: 917.
  108. 108. Tersago K, Schreurs A, Linard C, Verhagen R, Van Dongen S, et al. (2008) Population, environmental, and community effects on local bank vole (Myodes glareolus) Puumala virus infection in an area with low human incidence. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 8: 235244. pmid:18370592
  109. 109. Dizney LJ, Ruedas LA (2009) Increased host species diversity and decreased prevalence of Sin Nombre virus. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 10121018. pmid:19624913
  110. 110. Suzán G, Marcé E, Giermakowski JT, Mills JN, Ceballos G, et al. (2009) Experimental evidence for reduced rodent diversity causing increased hantavirus prevalence. PLoS ONE 4: e5461. pmid:19421313
  111. 111. Clay CA, Lehmer EM, Jeor SS, Dearing MD (2009) Testing mechanisms of the dilution effect: deer mice encounter rates, Sin Nombre virus prevalence and species diversity. EcoHealth 6: 250259. pmid:19495881
  112. 112. Mills JN (2005) Regulation of rodent-borne viruses in the natural host: implications for human disease. Arch Virol Suppl 19: 4557.
  113. 113. Luis AD, Kuenzi AJ, Mills JN (2018) Species diversity concurrently dilutes and amplifies transmission in a zoonotic hostpathogen system through competing mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 115: 79797984. pmid:30012590
  114. 114. Tian HY, Hu SX, Cazelles B, Chowell G, Gao LD, et al. (2018) Urbanization prolongs hantavirus epidemics in cities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 115: 47074712. pmid:29666240
  115. 115. He X, Wang S, Huang X, Wang X (2013) Changes in age distribution of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: an implication of Chinas expanded program of immunization. BMC Public Health 13: 394. pmid:23622420
  116. 116. Fang L, Yan L, Liang S, de Vlas S, Feng D, et al. (2006) Spatial analysis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China. BMC Infect Dis 6: 77. pmid:16638156
  117. 117. Klempa B, Fichet-Calvet E, Lecompte E, Auste B, Aniskin V, et al. (2006) Hantavirus in African wood mouse, Guinea. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 838840. pmid:16704849
  118. 118. Fang L, Zhao L, Wen H, Zhang Z, Liu J, et al. (2015) Reservoir host expansion of hantavirus, China. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 170171. pmid:25531113
  119. 119. Zhang WY, Fang LQ, Jiang JF, Hui FM, Glass GE, et al. (2009) Predicting the risk of hantavirus infection in Beijing, People's Republic of China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 678683. pmid:19346399
  120. 120. Ma C, Yu P, Nawaz M, Zuo S, Jin T, et al. (2012) Hantaviruses in rodents and humans, Xian, PR China. J Gen Virol 93: 22272236. pmid:22837422
  121. 121. Clement J, Mc Kenna P, Leirs H, Verhagen R, Lefevre A, et al. (1994) Virus infections of Rodents and lagomorphs, 5th Volume in a series (Osterhaus, ed). In: Horzinek M, editor. Virus infections in Vertebrates. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science BV. pp. 295316.
  122. 122. Clement J, Underwood P, Ward D, Pilaski J, LeDuc J (1996) Hantavirus outbreak during military manoeuvres in Germany. Lancet 347: 336.
  123. 123. Andreo V, Glass G, Shields T, Provensal C, Polop J (2011) Modeling potential distribution of oligoryzomys longicaudatus, the andes virus (Genus: Hantavirus) reservoir, in Argentina. Ecohealth 8: 332348. pmid:22130568
  124. 124. Piudo L, Monteverde MJ, Walker RS, Douglass RJ (2011) Rodent community structure and Andes virus infection in sylvan and peridomestic habitats in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11: 315324. pmid:21332352
  125. 125. Medina RA, Torres-Perez F, Galeno H, Navarrete M, Vial PA, et al. (2009) Ecology, genetic diversity, and phylogeographic structure of Andes virus in humans and rodents in Chile. J Virol 83: 24462459. pmid:19116256
  126. 126. Astorga F, Escobar LE, Poo-Muñoz D, Escobar-Dodero J, Rojas-Hucks S, et al. (2018) Distributional ecology of Andes hantavirus: a macroecological approach. Int J Health Geogr 17: 22. pmid:29929522
  127. 127. Xiao H, Huang R, Gao L, Huang C, Lin X, et al. (2016) Effects of humidity variation on the hantavirus infection and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome occurrence in subtropical China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94: 420427. pmid:26711521
  128. 128. Prist PR, Uriarte M, Tambosi LR, Prado A, Pardini R, et al. (2016) Landscape, environmental and social predictors of Hantavirus risk in São Paulo, Brazil. PLoS ONE 11: e0163459. pmid:27780250
  129. 129. Li C, Cui Z, Li S, Magalhaes RJS, Wang B, et al. (2013) Association between hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome epidemic and climate factors in Heilongjiang Province, China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 10061012. pmid:24019443
  130. 130. Han SS, Kim S, Choi Y, Kim S, Kim YS (2013) Air pollution and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in South Korea: an ecological correlation study. BMC Public Health 13: 347. pmid:23587219
  131. 131. Donalisio MR, Peterson AT (2011) Environmental factors affecting transmission risk for hantaviruses in forested portions of southern Brazil. Acta Tropica 119: 125130. pmid:21605537
  132. 132. Nsoesie EO, Mekaru SR, Ramakrishnan N, Marathe MV, Brownstein JS (2014) Modeling to predict cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Chile. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2779. pmid:24763320
  133. 133. Lin H, Zhang Z, Lu L, Li X, Liu Q (2014) Meteorological factors are associated with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Jiaonan County, China, 20062011. Int J Biometeorol 58: 10311037. pmid:23793957
  134. 134. Lin H, Liu Q, Guo J, Zhang J, Wang J, et al. (2007) Analysis of the geographic distribution of HFRS in Liaoning Province between 2000 and 2005. BMC Public Health 7: 207. pmid:17697362
  135. 135. Bi P, Parton KA, Tong S (2005) El Ninosouthern oscillation and vector-borne diseases in Anhui, China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5: 95100. pmid:16011424
  136. 136. Hjelle B, Glass GE (2000) Outbreak of hantavirus infection in the Four Corners region of the United States in the wake of the 19971998 El NinoSouthern Oscillation. J Infect Dis 181: 15691573. pmid:10823755
  137. 137. Fang LQ, Zhao WJ, de Vlas SJ, Zhang WY, Liang S, et al. (2009) Spatiotemporal dynamics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, Beijing, Peoples Republic of China. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 20432045. pmid:19961697
  138. 138. Clement J, Maes P, Van Ypersele de Strihou C, van der Groen G, Barrios JM, et al. (2010) Beechnuts and outbreaks of nephropathia epidemica (NE): of mast, mice and men. Nephrol Dial Transplant 25: 17401746. pmid:20237057
  139. 139. Heyman P, Cochez C, Ducoffre G, Mailles A, Zeller H, et al. (2007) Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: an analysis of the outbreaks in Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Luxembourg in 2005. Euro Surveill 12: 1516.
  140. 140. Hofmann J, Meisel H, Klempa B, Vesenbeckh SM, Beck R, et al. (2008) Hantavirus outbreak, Germany, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 850852. pmid:18439382
  141. 141. Reil D, Imholt C, Eccard JA, Jacob J (2015) Beech fructification and bank vole population dynamics-combined analyses of promoters of human Puumala virus infections in Germany. PLoS One 10: e0134124. pmid:26214509
  142. 142. Yan L, Huang H, Zhang W, Wang J, Ren Y, et al. (2009) The relationship between hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome cases and time series of NDVI in Dayangshu District. Journal of Remote Sensing 13: 873886.
  143. 143. Fang L-Q, Goeijenbier M, Zuo S-Q, Wang L-P, Liang S, et al. (2015) The association between hantavirus infection and selenium deficiency in mainland China. Viruses 7: 333351. pmid:25609306


Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks
Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks: hantavirus outbreaks after floods - Google Search

Michael_Novakhov shared this story .

Search Results

Web results



Rodent-borne infectious disease outbreaks after flooding ...


<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" rel="nofollow">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</a> pubmed
CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare providers should maintain high levels of suspicion for LS in patients developing febrile illnesses after contaminated freshwater exposures following heavy rainfall, flooding, and even freshwater recreational events; and for Hantavirus-caused infectious diseases in patients with hemorrhagic ...
by JH Diaz - 2015 - Cited by 11 - Related articles
Conclusions: Healthcare providers should maintain high levels of suspicion for LS in patients developing febrile illnesses after contaminated freshwater exposures following heavy rainfall, flooding, and even freshwater recreational events; and for Hantavirus-caused infectious diseases in patients with hemorrhagic ...
by JH Diaz - 2015 - Cited by 11 - Related articles


Rodent-borne infectious disease outbreaks after flooding ...


<a href="http://www.researchgate.net" rel="nofollow">www.researchgate.net</a> publication 307808285_Rodent...
Download Citation | Rodent-borne infectious disease outbreaks after flooding ... Another zoonotic viral disease after heavy rainfall and flooding is hantavirus ...


Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks
Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks: floods and epidemics - Google Search

Michael_Novakhov shared this story .

Search Results

Web results



Flooding and communicable diseases fact sheet - WHO


<a href="http://www.who.int" rel="nofollow">www.who.int</a> hac techguidance ems flood_cds
The lag time is usually around 6-8 weeks before the onset of a malaria epidemic. Malaria epidemics in the wake of flooding are a well-known phenomenon in ...

People also search for



Relationship between Flooding and Out Break of Infectious ...


<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" rel="nofollow">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</a> pmc articles PMC6207902
Oct 17, 2018 - Flooding can potentially increase the spread of infectious diseases. ... Other studies that have linked flooding to explosive epidemic malaria ...
by FO Okaka - 2018 - Cited by 10 - Related articles

People also search for



Epidemics after Natural Disasters - NCBI


<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" rel="nofollow">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</a> pmc articles PMC2725828
After a flooding-related outbreak of leptospirosis in Brazil in 1996, spatial analysis indicated that incidence rates of leptospirosis doubled inside the flood-prone ...
by JT Watson - 2007 - Cited by 606 - Related articles

People also search for



Preventing epidemics is yet another challenge after floods ...


<a href="http://www.onmanorama.com" rel="nofollow">www.onmanorama.com</a> Lifestyle Health
New Delhi: After battling the worst flood disaster in Kerala the state is now fearing break out of epidemics ...
Jun 24, 2020


Recurrent epidemics and floods following heavy rains in ...


<a href="http://www.researchgate.net" rel="nofollow">www.researchgate.net</a> publication 270508689_Recurr...
Request PDF | Recurrent epidemics and floods following heavy rains in Albertine Region Uganda: A desk review of the vulnerability factors and adaptive ...


Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks
Saved Stories - None: Deutsche Welle: DW.com - Business: Danish nod gives Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline fresh traction

The Danish Energy Agency has greenlighted the use of Russian ships that could speed up execution of the controversial Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline. US sanctions, however, may still put a dampener on the project.

 Deutsche Welle: DW.com - Business

Saved Stories - None
Saved Stories - None: Deutsche Welle: Germany's Angela Merkel in Brussels for talks on EU coronavirus recovery

Merkel's trip to Brussels is her first abroad since the pandemic caused lockdowns across the continent. Her talks with the presidents of the three main EU institutions will be dominated by the coronavirus stimulus deal.

 Deutsche Welle

Saved Stories - None
Saved Stories - None: Young Black voters say they aren't enthusiastic about a Joe Biden presidency - USA TODAY

  1. Young Black voters say they aren't enthusiastic about a Joe Biden presidency  USA TODAY
  2. Why this area may seal Trump's 2020 fate  CNN
  3. Why Trump is right and wrong about America  Al Jazeera English
  4. Biden Should Not Debate Trump Unless   The New York Times
  5. Trump's last line of defense is the economy. Biden and Democrats must knock it down.  USA TODAY
  6. View Full Coverage on Google News


Saved Stories - None
Saved Stories - None: Trump's Drive On Division And Fear May Not Be A Winning Strategy Come November - NPR

Trump's Drive On Division And Fear May Not Be A Winning Strategy Come NovemberNPRView Full Coverage on Google News

Saved Stories - None
Saved Stories - None: COVID-19: Uzbekistan Plans Second Lockdown Starting July 10

The global death toll from the coronavirus is approaching 547,000, with almost 12 million infections confirmed, causing mass disruptions as governments continue to try to slow the spread of the respiratory illness. Here's a roundup of COVID-19 developments in RFE/RL's broadcast regions.



Saved Stories - None
Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks: WHO confirms there's 'emerging evidence' of airborne transmission of coronavirus - CNN

Michael_Novakhov shared this story from Top stories - Google News.

  1. WHO confirms there's 'emerging evidence' of airborne transmission of coronavirus  CNN
  2. Is the coronavirus airborne? What we know about COVID-19 transmission  CNET
  3. Is Coronavirus More Airborne Than We Thought? Scientists Speak Out | TODAY  TODAY
  4. Airborne spread another goalpost move in battle against coronavirus? (opinion)  SILive.com
  5. Scientists say coronavirus can be spread farther than 6 feet in tiny airborne particles  CBS This Morning
  6. View Full Coverage on Google News


Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks
Saved Stories - None: WHO confirms there's 'emerging evidence' of airborne transmission of coronavirus - CNN

  1. WHO confirms there's 'emerging evidence' of airborne transmission of coronavirusCNN
  2. Is the coronavirus airborne? What we know about COVID-19 transmissionCNET
  3. Airborne spread another goalpost move in battle against coronavirus? (opinion)SILive.com
  4. Is Coronavirus More Airborne Than We Thought? Scientists Speak Out | TODAYTODAY
  5. Airborne spread another goalpost move in battle against coronavirus? (opinion)SILive.com
  6. Is the coronavirus airborne? What we know about COVID-19 transmissionCNET
  7. Scientists say coronavirus can be spread farther than 6 feet in tiny airborne particlesCBS This Morning
  8. View Full Coverage on Google News


Saved Stories - None
Saved Stories - None: Dutch police discover criminal gang's 'torture chamber' during drugs raid



Saved Stories - None
Saved Stories - None: Deutsche Welle: Merkel's CDU aim to fill half of party posts with women by 2025

Chancellor Angela Merkel's party has said it plans to introduce quotas to increase female representation in the party. An initial quota will go into effect next year, with gradual increases to follow.

 Deutsche Welle

Saved Stories - None
Saved Stories - None: Coronavirus: Biden vows to reverse Trump WHO withdrawal

President Trump's Democratic rival will put the US back in "on day one" if he wins November's poll.

Saved Stories - None
Saved Stories - None: Dog meat: First Cambodian province bans sale and consumption

The decision in Siem Reap follows similar moves in parts of China and India in recent months.

Saved Stories - None
Saved Stories - None: Tajik Prosecutors Summon Journalists Family After His Coverage Of Coronavirus

The Prosecutor-Generals Office in Tajikistan has summoned for questioning close relatives of an independent journalist who has led critical coverage of the governments response to the coronavirus pandemic, in a sign of the increased efforts by authorities to stifle free speech.








Saved Stories - None
Saved Stories - None: Deutsche Welle: US exit from the WHO: German minister calls move a 'setback' for cooperation

German Health Minister Jens Spahn said more international cooperation is needed now more than ever. China has also heavily criticized the US decision to withdraw from the WHO during a global pandemic.

 Deutsche Welle

Saved Stories - None
Saved Stories - None: Deutsche Welle: Lockdown and racism go hand in hand in Catalonia

All access to the Catalan region of Lleida has been closed again after a surge in COVID-19 clusters. Most of the new outbreaks are linked to the chaotic situation of 30,000 foreign day laborers.

 Deutsche Welle

Saved Stories - None
Saved Stories - None: Deutsche Welle: Can India really have a coronavirus vaccine ready by August?

India's top health agency has said the country should have a coronavirus vaccine ready in time for Independence Day on August 15. Experts warn the short timeline is both unrealistic and dangerous.

 Deutsche Welle

Saved Stories - None
Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks: 7:35 AM 7/8/2020 - Bat virus? Bioweapon? What the science says about Covid-19 origins - Sars-Cov-2 origins: Six months into coronavirus pandemic, scientists say exact source may never be identified

Michael_Novakhov shared this story from Covid-19-Review.



7:35 AM 7/8/2020

Saved, Shared Stories, Tweets | Page | In Brief - Page | on RSS Dog In 250 Posts |
____________________________________________________________________________


Saved and Shared Stories from Michael_Novakhov (3 sites) 
mikenov on Twitter: Over 6 months into Covid-19 crisis, 5 mysteries that still shroud coronavirus - world news - Hindustan Times hindustantimes.com/world-news/ove
mikenov on Twitter: Merkel looks east as ties fray between Germany and U.S. - POLITICO politico.com/news/2020/07/0
mikenov on Twitter: Six months into coronavirus pandemic, scientists say exact source may never be identified sg.news.yahoo.com/six-months-cor via @yahoosg
Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - Sars-Cov-2 origins: Six months into coronavirus pandemic, scientists say exact source may never be identified
Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - Sars-Cov-2 origins: WHO Researchers to Investigate Animal Origin of COVID-19 in China
Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - Sars-Cov-2 origins: Scientists Continue the Search for the Source of COVID-19
mikenov on Twitter: RT @FrankFigliuzzi1: UPENN needs to investigate and if true, revoke his degree: Trump cheated on SAT by paying someone to take it for him.
mikenov on Twitter: 6:18 AM 7/8/2020 - Coronavirus origins: Coronavirus spreading now in Korea has its origin in Europe, US Tweets And News - From Michael Novakhov: 6:18 AM 7/8/2020 - Coronavirus origins: Coronaviru... tweetsandnews.blogspot.com/2020/07/618-am
Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks: Why not to worry about it amid coronavirus
Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - coronavirus origins: Coronavirus spreading now in Korea has its origin in Europe, US
Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - coronavirus origins: Infodemic investigation: Facebook is biggest source of false claims about coronavirus
Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - coronavirus origins: FACTBOX-China suspends meat imports from various origins amid COVID-19 pandemic
Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - Sars-Cov-2 origins: Yet another stunning revelation about the true origin of COVID-19
Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - Sars-Cov-2 origins: While The World Talks About China, How Safe Are Indian Wet Markets?
Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - coronavirus origins: Coronavirus: world treating symptoms, not cause of pandemics, says UN
Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - Sars-Cov-2 origins: Preventing the next pandemic - Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission
Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - coronavirus origins: Flooding follows coronavirus disaster in China's 'cursed' city of Wuhan
Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - coronavirus origins: Here's one 'remarkable' difference between COVID-19 and the 1918 Spanish flu
Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - coronavirus origins: North American bats may be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2
Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - coronavirus origins: Hong Kong facing coronavirus community outbreak - health official
Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - coronavirus origins: Coronavirus: Anger over US decision on foreign students' visas


Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks | InBrief | 


Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks
Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks: 7:58 AM 7/8/2020 - Merkel looks east as ties fray between Germany and U.S. - POLITICO - Saved, Shared Stories, Tweets

Michael_Novakhov shared this story from Covid-19-Review.



Merkel looks east as ties fray between Germany and U.S. - POLITICO https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/07/germany-china-trade-coronavirus-us-351922 
________________________________________________________

7:58 AM 7/8/2020


Saved, Shared Stories, Tweets - on RSS Dog In 250 Posts | Page | In Brief - Page | 

<a href="http://feed.informer.com/digests/8IQI2HPNXE/feeder.rss" rel="nofollow">http://feed.informer.com/digests/8IQI2HPNXE/feeder.rss</a>

<a href="http://feed.informer.com/digests/8IQI2HPNXE/feeder.atom" rel="nofollow">http://feed.informer.com/digests/8IQI2HPNXE/feeder.atom</a>

__________________________________________________________________


» mikenov on Twitter: Covid-19-Review: 7:35 AM 7/8/2020 - Bat virus? Bioweapon? What the ... covid-19-review.blogspot.com/2020/07/735-am
08/07/20 07:40 from TWEETS BY MIKENOV from mikenova (1 sites)
Covid-19-Review: 7:35 AM 7/8/2020 - Bat virus? Bioweapon? What the ... covid-19-review.blogspot.com/2020/07/735-am Posted by mikenov on Wednesday, July 8th, 2020 11:40am mikenov on Twitter
» mikenov on Twitter: Over 6 months into Covid-19 crisis, 5 mysteries that still shroud coronavirus - world news - Hindustan Times hindustantimes.com/world-news/ove
08/07/20 06:55 from TWEETS BY MIKENOV from mikenova (1 sites)
Over 6 months into Covid-19 crisis, 5 mysteries that still shroud coronavirus - world news - Hindustan Times hindustantimes.com/world-news/ove Posted by mikenov on Wednesday, July 8th, 2020 10:55am mikenov on Twitter
» mikenov on Twitter: Merkel looks east as ties fray between Germany and U.S. - POLITICO politico.com/news/2020/07/0
08/07/20 06:48 from TWEETS BY MIKENOV from mikenova (1 sites)
Merkel looks east as ties fray between Germany and U.S. - POLITICO politico.com/news/2020/07/0 Posted by mikenov on Wednesday, July 8th, 2020 10:48am mikenov on Twitter
» mikenov on Twitter: Six months into coronavirus pandemic, scientists say exact source may never be identified sg.news.yahoo.com/six-months-cor via @yahoosg
08/07/20 06:44 from TWEETS BY MIKENOV from mikenova (1 sites)
Six months into coronavirus pandemic, scientists say exact source may never be identified sg.news.yahoo.com/six-months-cor via @yahoosg Posted by mikenov on Wednesday, July 8th, 2020 10:44am mikenov on Twitter
» mikenov on Twitter: RT @FrankFigliuzzi1: UPENN needs to investigate and if true, revoke his degree: Trump cheated on SAT by paying someone to take it for him.
08/07/20 06:25 from TWEETS BY MIKENOV from mikenova (1 sites)
UPENN needs to investigate and if true, revoke his degree: Trump cheated on SAT by paying someone to take it for him. @Wharton businessinsider.com/donald-trump-c Posted by FrankFigliuzzi1 on Wednesday, July 8th, 2020 12:23am Retweet...


Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks
Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - coronavirus origins: Russia, China Say They Support WHO's Coronavirus Efforts Amid US Exit

"China will continue supporting scientists from all countries in researching the origin and transmission routes of the coronavirus." Secretary of State Mike ...

 Google Alert - coronavirus origins

Saved Stories - None
____________________________________________________________________________

Comments

Popular Posts

8:27 AM 7/28/2020 - I think, that the investigation into the origins of the Disease -X-19 ("Covid-19") has to be structured as the counterintelligence - criminal one, and to include the epidemiological and other data. Good DETECTIVES are needed! | New Abwehr - KGB - Russian Mob Incite the R-R-Revolution in AmeriKa! | 2:32 PM 7/26/2020 - American protests: Demonstrations, violent riots expected to continue throughout the country

11:11 AM 7/26/2020 - First Covid-19 Case Reported in North Korea

5:40 AM 10/20/2020 – Governor Cuomo Announces New Cluster Action Initiative

9:35 AM 7/28/2020 - To #CDC, Dr. #Redfield: I think, the link between aggressive and likely infected and sick rodents in #RocklandCountyNY and the high Covid-19 rates there has to be explored to the fullest. These studies and actions may provide the key to solutions for the other areas. ASAP! #FBI

8:15 AM 8/12/2020 - Is the "Covid-19" Pandemic a Bio-Warfare unleashed by North Korea?! - My Opinion and News Review

3:39 PM 7/24/2020 - Coronavirus in brooklyn: The Church Deacon Died of Covid-19. Then His Body Went Missing. 24/07/20 12:42

10:12 AM 8/12/2020 - Can SARS-CoV-2 be transmitted via feces? "Various observational and mechanistic evidence support the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 can infect and be shed from the human gastrointestinal tract." | Sars-Cov-2 fecal-respiratory transmission

7:27 AM 7/26/2020 - Study reveals #Covid-19 can infect #ears - Michael Novakhov - Posts on Twitter

Sars cov 2 as bioweapon: When in doubt, check it out 21/11/20 18:37 from Disease X-19

12:07 PM 7/28/2020 - Rats move to suburbs - What does this mean? Do they escape the smell of death of other rats?