7:23 AM 7/16/2020 - Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks℠: The Trump administration has imposed sanctions on companies connected to Russian businessman who is close to Russian President Vladimir Putin and suspected of helping finance the covert social media campaign aimed at American voters ahead of the 2016 presidential election.
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7:23 AM 7/16/2020 - Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks℠ | InBrief |
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| Unpacking Cuomos Covid-19 Poster - The New York Times | |||||||||||||||
An octopus is guiding a cruise ship. President Trump is sitting on a crescent moon. But dont get distracted by that: Beware the Winds of Fear, the incoming plane of Europeans and the Boyfriend Cliff!
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| 7:13 PM 7/15/2020 - Cops Protesters Clash on Brooklyn Bridge | |||||||||||||||
 7:13 PM 7/15/2020 - Cops Protesters Clash on Brooklyn Bridge - GS ____________________________________________________________ News Review from Michael Novakhov: Blogs | Shared Stories | Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks |Saved Stories | Tweets | ______________________________________________________ | |||||||||||||||
| Voice of America - English: NYPD Chief, Cops Hurt as Protesters Clash on Brooklyn Bridge | |||||||||||||||
Several New York City police officers were attacked and injured Wednesday as pro-police and anti-police protesters clashed on the Brooklyn Bridge. At least four officers were hurt, including Chief of Department Terence Monahan, and 37 people were arrested, police said. Information on charges was not immediately available. Surveillance video posted on social media by the police department showed a man on the bridge's pedestrian walkway rushing toward a group of officers and reaching over a fence to bash their heads with a cane.  Monahan, who last month knelt in a show of solidarity with protesters, sustained injuries to his hand. He and the other injured officers were marching with a pro-police group led by local clergy when they were met on the bridge by anti-police activists, some of whom have been camping outside City Hall in recent weeks to demand severe cuts to police funding. Some people in the pro-police group marched with a banner that said, "We Support the NYPD." The leader of that group said they were calling for an end to a recent spate of violence, including the shooting death of a 1-year-old boy in Brooklyn. Wednesday's demonstrations were the latest in a wave of protest activity across the country since George Floyd was killed May 25 by Minneapolis police. The first few nights of protests in New York City were marred by stealing, unrest and violence inflicted both by and on police officers. Since then, protests have largely been peaceful.  | |||||||||||||||
| Voice of America - English: Virus Cases Rise in US States Amid New World Restrictions | |||||||||||||||
Arizona, Texas and Florida together reported about 25,000 new coronavirus cases on Wednesday as restrictions aimed at combating the spread of the pandemic took hold in the United States and around the world in an unsettling sign reminiscent of the dark days of April. The face-covering mandates, lockdowns, health checks and quarantine orders underscored the reality that the number of infections is continuing to tick upward in parts of the world and that a return to normalcy may be further off than many leaders had envisioned just weeks ago. Alabama will begin requiring face masks after the state reported a pandemic-high of 40 deaths in a single day. In Texas, which again set a record Wednesday for confirmed new cases with nearly 10,800, Republican Governor Greg Abbott has increasingly emphasized face coverings as the state's way out of avoiding another lockdown, which he has not ruled out. Among the sternest measures were in New York, where Governor Andrew Cuomo added to a list totaling 22 states whose visitors will be required to quarantine for 14 days if they visit the tri-state region. Out-of-state travelers arriving in New York airports from those states face a $2,000 fine and a mandatory quarantine order if they fail to fill out a tracing form. Governor tests positive The broad reach of the virus has brought scrutiny to governors' decisions. Oklahoma Governor Kevin Stitt, a first-term Republican governor who has backed one of the country's most aggressive reopening plans, became the first U.S. governor to announce that he had tested positive for COVID-19. He plans to quarantine at home. Stitt, who has resisted any statewide mandate on masks and rarely wears one himself, attended President Donald Trumps rally in Tulsa last month, which health experts have said likely contributed to a surge in coronavirus cases there, though Stitt said hes confident he didnt contract the virus at the gathering. As far as where he became infected, its really unknown, Oklahoma Health Commissioner Dr. Lance Frye said. Florida broke the 300,000 barrier on confirmed cases Wednesday, reporting 10,181 new ones as its daily average death rate continues to rise. Major cities in Florida have imposed mask rules, but Governor Ron DeSantis has declined to issue a statewide order, arguing those are best decided on and enforced locally.  We have broken single-day records several times this week and theres nothing about it that says were turning the corner, or seeing light at the end of the tunnel. I dont see that in the numbers," said Dr. Nicholas Namias, chief of trauma and surgical critical care at Jackson Memorial Hospital. He said diminishing bed capacity was creating problems at the Miami medical center. Were getting to the point where its going to be full. We have gridlock and we wont be able to take patients and theyll just be stacked in the ERs, Namias said. Walmart requires masks Businesses imposed their own restrictions, too, with Walmart becoming the largest U.S. retailer to require customers to wear face coverings at all of its Sams Club and namesake stores. Recreation and entertainment destinations were confronting how and when to return to business. Organizers canceled the 2021 Rose Parade in Pasadena, California, because of the pandemic's impact on long-range planning for the New Years tradition, the Tournament of Roses Association said Wednesday. But Disney World went ahead with the rolling opening of its Florida theme parks that started last weekend, welcoming back visitors to Epcot and Hollywood Studios despite the surge of cases in the state.  Other countries imposed lockdowns and implemented new health checks at their borders. Tourist flow slows All travelers arriving in Greece from a land border with Bulgaria were required to carry negative coronavirus test results issued in the previous 72 hours. The new rules, which follow an increase in tourism-related COVID-19 cases, triggered an immediate drop in arrivals compared to recent days. Traffic at the crossing fell by about half, authorities said, but waiting times were still lengthy and a line of cars and trucks was over 1,640 feet (500 meters) long as the number of tests carried out by medical teams at the border was increased. Gergana Chaprazova, 51, from Plovdiv in southern Bulgaria, planned to visit the Greek seaside town of Kavala with her husband, and complained that she was being tested again. I have to wait for a test but I [already] have a test from Bulgaria. I dont understand why I must have a test here, she told The Associated Press.  Romania, citing the rising number of infections, announced a 30-day extension for a nationwide state of alert. And residents of Australias second-largest city, Melbourne, were warned Wednesday to comply with lockdown regulations or face tougher restrictions. Melbournes 5 million people and part of the citys semirural surroundings are a week into a new, six-week lockdown to contain a new outbreak there. The time for warnings, the time for cutting people slack, is over, Victoria state Premier Daniel Andrews said. Where we are is in a very serious and deadly position. Serbian measures In Serbia, which has been hit by a spike in infections and anti-government protests, a government crisis team expanded a ban on gatherings of more than 10 people from Belgrade to the entire country. Masks were also made mandatory in public spaces where there is no opportunity for 6 feet (1.8 meters) of distancing, such as in shops and bus stations. After a surge in daily infections beginning last month, Israel moved last week to reimpose restrictions, closing events spaces, live show venues, bars and clubs. It has imposed lockdowns on areas with high infection rates, which in some cases sparked protests from residents. Officials warned that if case numbers dont come down in the coming days, Israel will have no choice but to lock the entire country down again, as it did in the spring. South Africa is already showing signs of being overwhelmed by the pandemic an ominous outlook for the rest of the continent of 1.3 billion people. A ban on alcohol sales and a night curfew were reimposed this week to reduce the volume of trauma patients to hospitals that are struggling to cope with an influx of COVID-19 patients. One result was more economic pain in a country that already has an unemployment rate of 30%. This return to the booze ban is causing havoc to the restaurant business, and its causing people to lose jobs, said Gerald Elliot, owner of a popular Johannesburg restaurant, Ba Pita, which he said closed because of the restrictions, with a loss of 28 jobs.  | |||||||||||||||
| Voice of America - English: US Sanctions Companies Linked to Businessman Close to Putin | |||||||||||||||
The Trump administration has imposed sanctions on companies connected to Russian businessman who is close to Russian President Vladimir Putin and suspected of helping finance the covert social media campaign aimed at American voters ahead of the 2016 presidential election. The actions announced Wednesday take aim at front companies that officials say Yevgeny Prigozhin has relied on to process millions of dollars and to evade sanctions in Sudan, where the Trump administration says Russia has been involved in paramilitary operations and supporting authoritarian regimes. Todays actions will further limit attempts by Prigozhin and his backers to foment disorder or undermine democratic reforms in Sudan, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said in a statement announcing the sanctions by the Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control. Prigozhin, whose close relationship to Putin has earned him the nickname of Putin's Chef," attracted attention in 2018 after he and Russian companies he controlled were indicted in special counsel Robert Mueller's investigation into ties between Russia and the Trump campaign. He was accused of financing an effort to use social media posts to spread disinformation and to divide American public opinion on hot-button social issues ahead of the election. The Justice Department in March dropped charges against two of those companies, Concord Management and Consulting LLC and Concord Catering, citing concerns that the entities would use the case to send sensitive law enforcement tools back to Russia while facing no meaningful punishment even if convicted. | |||||||||||||||
| 5:43 PM 7/15/2020 - The US Needs a Global Coalition to Defeat COVID https://defenseone.com | |||||||||||||||
 The US Needs a Global Coalition to Defeat COVID https://defenseone.com/ideas/2020/07/us-needs-global-coalition-defeat-covid/166811/ via 5:43 PM 7/15/2020 News Review from Michael Novakhov: Blogs | Shared Stories | Saved Stories | Tweets | _____________________________________________________________________ | |||||||||||||||
| Google Alert - Sars-Cov-2 origins: Risk of brain damage also in milder cases of COVID-19 | |||||||||||||||
These occur not only in people with a grave corona disease progression or in ... On Innovation Origins you can read the latest news about the world of ... | |||||||||||||||
| Google Alert - Sars-Cov-2 origins: COVID-19 confusion? | |||||||||||||||
Once the disinformation is out there, it can then be spread as misinformation by unknowing persons who aren't aware of its origins or that the information ... | |||||||||||||||
| Google Alert - coronavirus origins: COVID-19 and Acute Kidney Injury | |||||||||||||||
High-risk patients include the elderly and the immunocompromised or immunosuppressed, as well as those with a history of chronic pulmonary ... | |||||||||||||||
| Google Alert - Sars-Cov-2 origins: How scientists know the coronavirus came from bats and wasn't made in a lab | |||||||||||||||
The genome of SARS-CoV-2 is similar to that of other bat coronaviruses, as well ... the natural history and origins of zoonotic diseases like COVID-19. | |||||||||||||||
| Google Alert - CoronaVirus as Biological Weapon: Genomics and future biological weapons the need for | |||||||||||||||
Biological weapons are a subset of a larger class of weapons referred to as weapons of mass destruction (wmd), which also includes chemical, nuclear, ... | |||||||||||||||
| 2:41 PM 7/15/2020 - Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 disappear within three months | |||||||||||||||
 2:41 PM 7/15/2020 Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks | InBrief | -
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| Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 disappear within three months | |||||||||||||||
The current COVID-19 pandemic, which officially began in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019, has spread rapidly across the world, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths among over 13 million cases. While around a fifth of patients develops severe disease, leading to death in about 3% to 5% overall, most cases are mild or asymptomatic.
Can Recovered COVID-19 Patients be Reinfected?The question is, does this infection confer lasting immunity? A new study published in the journal Clinical Microbiology and Infection in July 2020 appears to show that it does not, with antibodies to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disappearing within three months of infection. This, if confirmed, poses a grave threat of repeated pandemics, in the absence of vaccines or stable natural acquired immunity.Antibody and virus - visual concept of the immune system. Illustration Credit: Peter Schreiber / ShutterstockThe PatientThe paper is a case report of a 26-year old woman presenting with three days of unexplained fever, sore throat, and cough. The routine laboratory assessment showed a drop in lymphocytes, while a CT scan of the lungs revealed the characteristic bilateral ground-glass opacities of COVID-19.The presence of the infection was confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of nasal swab specimens. The disease was staged by the guidelines for COVID-19 diagnosis and management published by the National Health Commission of China. The patient had moderate disease, with fever and respiratory symptoms, as well as pneumonia confirmed by imaging. Two weeks later, she tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 repeatedly, and her symptoms resolved, while both laboratory tests and CT scans reverted to normal. She was deemed to have recovered and discharged. Immunity MeasuresThe researchers attempted to detect and measure the titer of specific antiviral immune responses, both IgG and IgM, against the viral spike and nucleocapsid antigens. The first step was a chemoluminescent assay. A positive antibody test meant titers above 10 AU/ml.The patient serum was negative for IgM against the virus on day 56, 68, and 80 from the earliest symptom. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers went down from about 47 on day 56 to 12 on day 68. By day 80 the titer was negative, at 7 AU/ml (IgM and IgG antibodies were considered positive when their titers were greater than 10 AU/ml). In other words, the antibodies to the virus disappeared. No Humoral or Cellular Immunity DetectedSpecific neutralizing antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 were measured on day 80, using the cytopathic effect (CPE) as an assay. The researchers found that neutralizing activity was negative, with the titer of neutralizing antibodies below 20. Neutralizing titer was expressed as the reciprocal of the highest dilution of the serum for which there was no CPE.They also confirmed this using peripheral blood monocytic cells (PBMCs), and B cells specifically primed against SARS-CoV-2, were isolated from this group by flow cytometry. They were then stained against a variety of antigens, namely CD19, CD20, CD3, CD14, CD16, CD38, SARS-CoV-2 S1 spike subunit, and SARS-CoV-2 S trimer. They sorted for B cells specifically binding to the S1 subunit or the trimer and found that this patient had none. Earlier Coronavirus-Induced ImmunityWith the earlier SARS epidemic, researchers showed that specific anti-SARS-CoV antibodies rose to a peak at 4 months, and remained at detectable levels for 2 years in recovered patients. On the other hand, MERS infections are only partly detectable by serologic assays, and even when positive, antibody levels decrease significantly within the first 6 months following the onset of illness.Implications for Serologic StudiesThe current SARS-CoV-2 virus like SARS and MERS is also a coronavirus, but this current report shows that specific SARS-CoV-2 antibodies disappeared in three months of disease onset. This may mean that in any serologic survey, there will be patients with no detectable antibodies, which leads to a lower prevalence rate than the real figure.Again, since the fall in antibodies may not correspond to neutralizing activity, the neutralizing activity and specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 B cells were separately assessed. These results also agreed with the antibody titer, however, in being negative. A recent study by Ni et al. (2020) reported that specific antibodies and immune cells were present in 8 patients immediately after discharge, and 6 patients discharged two weeks prior to testing. They found high titers of neutralizing antibodies in those who were newly discharged, but negative titers in one patient on follow up. Another study showed that there were 14 different powerful neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 using high-throughput single-cell RNA and VDJ sequencing of B cells enriched for the viral antigens, in a group of 60 convalescent patients. The researchers comment, Taken together, the specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 might be short-lived in this convalescent COVID-19 patient, and might not neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infection. Potential Non-Spike/Nucleocapsid AntibodiesHowever, it is quite possible that the current patient had other antibodies, potentially neutralizing in nature. Antiviral immunity is conferred by pre-existing antibodies, and memory cells, both B and T. Older studies indicate that memory cells respond specifically to SARS-CoV, and keep the patient protected from reinfection for several years.The SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are thought to share the same receptor and have similar phylogenetic descent. Moreover, specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 T cells were observed in newly discharged patients in the study by Ni et al. Therefore, a similar pattern of antibody and cellular immunity may be expected. The study concludes, Convalescent COVID-19 patients without detectable antibodies might not indicate the loss of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 reinfection.It is necessary to perform more extensive studies to examine more samples of convalescent serum to confirm this finding. By assessing both humoral and cellular immunity to the SARS-CoV-2, it should be possible to determine if patients who have recovered are still at risk of acquiring the infection and should be vaccinated, along with the naïve population. In another recent study published in the journal Nature Medicine, researchers looked at 37 symptomatic and 37 asymptomatic patients who were infected with the coronavirus disease. The findings of that study showed than more than 90 percent of the participants in both groups manifested rapid declines in the levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies within just two to three months after the onset of infection. | |||||||||||||||
| Google Alert - sars cov 2: Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 disappear within three months | |||||||||||||||
The current COVID-19 pandemic, which 'officially' began in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019, has spread rapidly across the world, causing ... | |||||||||||||||
| 2:09 PM 7/15/2020 - Russia Arrests Disabled Soviet Citizen Suspected of Plotting Coup themoscowtimes.com | |||||||||||||||
 2:09 PM 7/15/2020 Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks | InBrief | - | |||||||||||||||
| Russia Arrests Disabled Soviet Citizen Suspected of Plotting Coup themoscowtimes.com/2020/07/15/rus | |||||||||||||||
Russia Arrests Disabled Soviet Citizen Suspected of Plotting Coup themoscowtimes.com/2020/07/15/rus
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| A History of Biological Warfare from 300 B.C.E. to the Present c.aarc.org/resources/biol | |||||||||||||||
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| Even before the American entry in to the war, covert German bacteria warfare was attempted in the United States with the contamination of animal feed and infection of horses intended for export. facebook.com/mike.nova3/pos | |||||||||||||||
Even before the American entry in to the war, covert German bacteria warfare was attempted in the United States with the contamination of animal feed and infection of horses intended for export.
facebook.com/mike.nova3/pos | |||||||||||||||
| A History of Biological Warfare from 300 B.C.E. to the Present Thomas J. Johnson facebook.com/mike.nova3/pos | |||||||||||||||
A History of Biological Warfare from 300 B.C.E. to the Present
Thomas J. Johnson facebook.com/mike.nova3/pos | |||||||||||||||
| 10 Plans to Weaponize Animals | Mental Floss | |||||||||||||||
10 Plans to Weaponize Animals
September 11, 2015
National Archives (U.K.)
These Dogs Were Bred to Hunt BearsNow They Help Them
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Animals have been getting roped into human warfare for millennia and have played many parts in and out of battle: the practice of using war horses dates back to as early as 4000 BCE, while trained specialists like carrier pigeons and the much-decorated Sergeant Stubby (whose 1926 New York Times obituary noted the dog had [entered] Valhalla) have been celebrated for their crucial contributions to modern warfare.
But while Hannibals elephants made all the history books for their (almost entirely fatal) battlefield glory, thousands of animals have endured testingand even occasional deploymentas living deliverers of disease, flying bombs, and detonators on legs in almost total obscurity.
To honor our feathered and furry friends who almost performed the ultimate sacrifice in war (or, in some cases, very much did), here are 10 military plans to weaponize animals.
1. COLD WAR NUKES KEPT COZY (TIL DETONATION) UNDER LIVE CHICKENS.
As was summarized by the BBC, a 1957 document reveals a planone seriously considered by the British Civil Serviceto bury a seven-ton nuclear land mine in West German soil as a preventative measure against any encroaching Red Army forces. However, as the BBC points out, nuclear physicists at the Aldermaston nuclear research station in Berkshire were worried about how to keep the land mine at the correct temperature when buried underground.
The proposed solution, according to this document, was to fill the bombs casing with live chickens, which, given seed to keep them alive and stopped from pecking at the wiring, would generate enough heat living out the rest of their poultry lives to ensure the bomb worked when buried for a week, after which it would be detonated remotely. Thankfully for the birds (and West Germans), the plan was never realized.
2. EXPLODING (DEAD) RATS HIDDEN IN COAL SHIPMENTS ...
The British Special Operations' idea to slip explosive-filled dead rats in enemy coal loads was developed in 1941, the BBC notes, and sought to blow up the enemy's boilers ... with the fuse being lit when the rat was shovelled into the fire. Dead-rat warfare was never put into practice, though, as the first consignment was seized by the Germans and the secret was blown.
The BBC points out that German military leaders were fascinated by the idea, however, and the rats were exhibited at the top military schools, leading German forces to perform searches of their coal stores for rat bombs before satisfying themselves that the plan had fizzled out. As to where British forces got their supplies of dead rats, it was a fair example of the Biblical idiom they know not what they do come to life: The source of the dead rats was a London supplier, who was under the mistaken belief that it was for London University.
3. AND SOVIET RATS THAT FUNCTIONED AS BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS.
During the same war, Soviet military researchers proved that a rats value as a weapon isnt limited to being stuffed with explosives. In 1942, Soviet forces used disease-bearing rats against Friedrich von Paulus's troops during the Battle of Stalingrad; rather than attempt to sicken the Germans with plague or anthraxwhich was too dangerous for their own side as wellthe Soviets instead infected rats with tularemia, a serious bacterial infection that causes weakness, fever, and skin ulcers at the site of infection. The result? As biological weapons experts Milton Leitenberg and Raymond A. Zilinskas explain:
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| 8:58 AM 7/15/2020 - Soviet "Rat Weapons" won the Stalingrad Battle in WW2 - weaponized rats - GS | coronavirus and mafia: Coronavirus Has Only Made the Mafia Stronger | |||||||||||||||
8:58 AM 7/15/2020 Soviet "Rat Weapons" won the Stalingrad Battle in WW2 "It goes without saying that secret services were conducting scientific researches of so-called rat weapons. The USSR used it during WWII against Friedrich von Paulus's army. The Soviet government did not risk to infect fascists with plague or ulcer they chose tularemia. Rats spread the disease in German troops very | |||||||||||||||
| 8:58 AM 7/15/2020 - Soviet "Rat Weapons" won the Stalingrad Battle in WW2 - weaponized rats - GS | coronavirus and mafia: Coronavirus Has Only Made the Mafia Stronger | |||||||||||||||
 8:58 AM 7/15/2020 Soviet "Rat Weapons" won the Stalingrad Battle in WW2 "It goes without saying that secret services were conducting scientific researches of so-called rat weapons. The USSR used it during WWII against Friedrich von Paulus's army. The Soviet government did not risk to infect fascists with plague or ulcer they chose tularemia. Rats spread the disease in German troops very quickly. The effect was astonishing: Paulus had to take a break in his offensive on Stalingrad. According to archive documents, about 50 percent of German prisoners, who were taken captive after the battle of Stalingrad, were suffering from classic symptoms of tularemia. Unfortunately, every action leads to a counteraction. The use of infected rats against the Nazi army had an inverse effect too: the disease came over the front line, and infected a lot of Soviet soldiers." Читайте больше на <a href="https://www.pravdareport.com/history/7701-tularemia/" rel="nofollow">https://www.pravdareport.com/history/7701-tularemia/</a> ___________________________________________________________________________ weaponized rats - GS During World War II, Joseph Stalin was forced to move his biological warfare (BW) operations out of the path of advancing German forces & may have used tularemia against German troops in 1942 near Stalingrad. Soviet biological weapons program - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_biological_weapons_program _____________________________________________________________________
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| Soviet Army used 'rat weapon' during WWII | |||||||||||||||
Rats spread the disease in German troops very quickly. The effect was astonishing
Tulameria, or rabbit fever is reputed to be a record-breaking infection. Humans will most likely conquer the disease in the near future: scientists have recently decoded the genome of Francisella tularensis microbe. Only ten of these bacteria are enough to cause an extremely dangerous disease. Western specialists believe that the microbe can be used as a very effective biological weapon, for it possesses an inhalational capacity.
The microbe was discovered in 1911 during an outburst of rabbit fever, when the disease killed a large number ground squirrels in the area of Tulare Lake in California. The lake gave the name to the disease tularemia. Scientists determined that tularemia could be dangerous to humans: a human being may catch the infection after contacting an infected animal. The ailment soon became frequent with hunters, cooks and agricultural workers. Pathogenic organisms penetrate into a body through damaged skin and mucous membranes.
The disease has a very fast and acute beginning. A patient suffers from headache, fatigue, dizziness, muscle pains, loss of appetite and nausea. Face and eyes redden and become inflamed. Inflammation proceeds to lymphadenitis, fever and gland suppuration, which eventually develops life-threatening complications.
An epidemic of tularemia broke out in the spring of 2000 in Kosovo. About 650 people fell ill with rabbit fever by the beginning of May. Kosovo's water pipelines were destroyed with the bombing the region was suffering from the shortage of fresh water, and it was impossible to stop the epidemic.
As it turned out later, tularemia was a respiratory-transmissible disease. An American man caught the infection in 2000, when his lawn-mower ran into an infected rabbit.
The problem became a lot more important for the USA in 2001, when tularemia obtained a potential biological threat. Francisella tularensis was a perfect example of biological weapon for terrorists. The microbe possesses a large infecting capacity, which results in a high death rate. In addition, only a microscopic amount of the bacteria will be enough to trigger a massive epidemic.
It goes without saying that secret services were conducting scientific researches of so-called rat weapons. The USSR used it during WWII against Friedrich von Paulus's army. The Soviet government did not risk to infect fascists with plague or ulcer they chose tularemia. Rats spread the disease in German troops very quickly. The effect was astonishing: Paulus had to take a break in his offensive on Stalingrad. According to archive documents, about 50 percent of German prisoners, who were taken captive after the battle of Stalingrad, were suffering from classic symptoms of tularemia. Unfortunately, every action leads to a counteraction. The use of infected rats against the Nazi army had an inverse effect too: the disease came over the front line, and infected a lot of Soviet soldiers.
Soviet scientists continued their research with the tularemia microbe after the end of WWII. Military biologists brought the bacteria to perfection at the end of the 1970s, having increased its destructive capacity.
Russian medics, however, do not believe that the tularemia pathogen can be referred to as an efficient bacteriological weapon. The body develops a life-long immunity against tularemia, if the disease is treated properly and timely. Furthermore, an infected individual does not pose a danger to other people. To crown it all, direct sunlight kills Francisella tularensis in only 30 minutes. The microbe dies in boiling water within one or two minutes. Disinfecting fluids kills the pathogen in 3-5 minutes. Well-known antibiotics, such as streptomycin, levomycetin, tetracycline destroy the germ within a very short period of time too.
British scientists have recently discovered that the tularemia pathogen contains the genes, which cannot be found in any other organism in the world. The genome has been declassified: humans will soon invent the anti-tularemia vaccine, which will push aside the opportunity of using the disease as a weapon of mass destruction.
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