The Disease X-19 – Update - 7:06 AM 7/17/2020

By Michael Novakhov (Mike Nova) July 17, 2020

The Disease X-19 - Update - 7:06 AM 7/17/2020

Covid-19 Review: The Pandemic As The Bio-Info-Weapon – The Disease X-19

I respectfully recommend to WHO and the Scientific Community to rename “Covid-19” into the “Disease X-19”, because the etiology of this syndrome is highly uncertain, and it might involve more pathogens than Sars-Cov-2 alone (possibly Hantaviruses, ASF, and/or other infections). Furthermore; presently, as reported by the clinicians, the clinical picture appears to be the complex multi-organ – multi-system failures, it looks quite different from the one which was initially observed and described in China in the beginning of 2020. It is more than just the terminology; it is the correct unbiased thinking and the correct, fruitful research and the interventions. Naturally, the broader outlook changes the perspectives on the evaluation: all the relevant lab tests have to be performed, including on the old preserved samples. The comprehensive studies, testing this hypothesis are needed. It looks like from the times of Antiquity the Co-infections were the preferred tool of the Biowarfare as the simple method of increasing the pathogenic efficiency. The unusual and well documented proliferation of rodents, including the large rats in the major cities globally, along with their noticeably abnormal behavior is a clue that they might be the vectors in the transmissions of the combined infections. The recent, in the last several years, mostly reported in 2013-1019 massive epizootics of the viral illnesses in pigs livestock in China are the reasons for concern as the possible source of the infections in rodents and the possible zoonotic jump in the present Pandemic. This line of thought corresponds with the recently reported data about the earlier than thought previously emergence of the Pandemic: in the Spring-Summer of 2019, both in China and Europe, and the theoretical (computational) possibility of the Sars-Cov-2 emergence since at least 2013. We have to understand the nature of the Disease X-19, before we attempt to determine its origins. Michael Novakhov | 7.13.20

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mikenov on Twitter: RT @DAILYSQUIB: Another Chinese Virus Gift to the World: Hantavirus dailysquib.co.uk/world/36249-an #chinesevirus #hantavirus https://t.co/QV8No6
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Michael_Novakhov shared this story from

Covid-19 Review: The Pandemic As The Bio-Info-Weapon The Disease X-19.

Seoul hantavirus (SEOV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen in the UK.

SEOV is transmitted from infected rats to humans via inhalation of the aerosolised virus in rat excreta such as urine and faeces.

Currently, the public health risk posed by SEOV carried by wild rats is yet to be fully determined, but those working in areas where there is an increased risk of contracting hantavirus infection such as those working in agricultural or rural environments.

Symptoms can include:

flu like illness such as fever, headache, backache and nausea
reduced urine production, lower back pain and confusion; which relates to acute kidney injury

The extent of SEOV in the UK is not currently known, however the virus was first identified in Scotland in labatory rats in 1977. Since then studies have shown serological evidence of exposure to hantaviruses and occupational exposure was thought to be the highest risk.

Blighted Gotham

Deaths caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in New York City (NYC) during the spring of 2020 have vastly exceeded those reported in China and many other countries. What were the early events that led to such a severe outbreak? Gonzalez-Reiche et al. sampled some of the early patients seeking assistance in February and March of 2020 at the Mount Sinai Health System. Phylogenetic analysis of virus sequences in these people, who were drawn from across NYC, showed that the virus had been independently introduced many times from Europe and elsewhere in the United States. Subsequent clusters of community transmission occurred. The focus of infection in NYC is a marker of the role this city plays as a two-way hub for human movement.

Science this issue p. 297

Abstract

New York City (NYC) has emerged as one of the epicenters of the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. To identify the early transmission events underlying the rapid spread of the virus in the NYC metropolitan area, we sequenced the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients seeking care at the Mount Sinai Health System. Phylogenetic analysis of 84 distinct SARS-CoV-2 genomes indicates multiple, independent, but isolated introductions mainly from Europe and other parts of the United States. Moreover, we found evidence for community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 as suggested by clusters of related viruses found in patients living in different neighborhoods of the city.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; previously known as 2019-nCoV) is an emerging viral pathogen that was first reported to cause severe respiratory infections in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019. Over the past months, it rapidly spread across the globe, and the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic on 11 March 2020. Targeted screening of suspected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases, as well as a series of successive nationwide travel restrictions, were put in place to curtail SARS-CoV-2 introductions into the continental United States from outbreak hotspots in China (2 February 2020), Iran (2 March 2020), mainland European countries (13 March 2020), and the United Kingdom and Ireland (16 March 2020) (1 4). Despite these measures, the first COVID-19 case in New York State was identified in New York City (NYC) on 29 February 2020. During the first weeks of March, the number of detected cases rapidly increased because of expansion of screening capacity after implementation of automated platforms for detection of SARS-CoV-2 infections by local health system diagnostic laboratories and reference laboratories. As of 2 May 2020, there were 312,977 confirmed COVID-19 cases in New York state, including 172,354 (55%) in NYC [New York State Department of Health (NYS DOH); https://coronavirus.health.ny.gov]. With more than 13,300 fatalities in the metropolitan area, NYC has been one of the major epicenters of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the United States.

The Pathogen Surveillance Program (PSP) at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is a multidisciplinary, institutional infrastructure that seeks to generate high-resolution, near real-time genetic information on pathogens found to cause disease in the large and diverse patient population seeking care at the Mount Sinai Health System in NYC. After biospecimen coding, nucleic acid extraction, and polymerase chain reaction quantification, next-generation sequencing approaches based on Illumina and Pacific Biosciences technology provide information on the pathogens genome. The process has been optimized for quick turnaround, optimized data assembly, and integration with deidentified demographic information.

We took advantage of the existing PSP infrastructure to investigate the origins of SARS-CoV-2 strains circulating in NYC and to dissect the spread of the virus in this metropolitan area with a high-density population. Here, we present the genomic diversity of 90 SARS-CoV-2 isolates obtained from 84 patients seeking care at the Mount Sinai Health System between 29 February 2020 and 18 March 2020. These genomes provide clear evidence for multiple, independent SARS-CoV-2 introductions into NYC during the first weeks of March 2020. On the basis of genetic similarity and phylogenetic analysis of full-length viral genome sequences, most cases diagnosed during the 18 days after the first-reported COVID-19 case in New York state appear to be associated with untracked transmission and potential travel-related exposures. The majority of introductions appear to have been sourced from Europe and the United States. We also identified two clusters that total 21 closely related cases, suggesting community spread. These observations are also supported by the citywide distribution of these cases, which mapped to three of four represented NYC boroughs and five New York state counties. Our data point to the limited efficacy of travel restrictions into NYC for preventing spread in the metropolitan area once multiple introductions of SARS-CoV-2 and community-driven transmission had already occurred.

Initial diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2 in NYC was targeted and limited to individuals who fit a set of criteria outlined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and required preapproval by the local Department of Health. Between 9 March and 14 March 2020, screening capacity at the Mount Sinai Health System was greatly expanded, leading to a surge of newly diagnosed cases (Fig. 1). Within 1 week, the number of daily positive SARS-CoV-2 tests exceeded the normal volume of positive tests for influenza virus by a factor of 5. We sequenced 90 SARS-CoV-2 genomes from clinical isolates obtained from 84 of the more than 800 cases identified up to 18 March, yielding 72 complete and 18 partial (>95% coverage) genomes. These cases were drawn from 21 NYC neighborhoods across four boroughs (Manhattan, Bronx, Queens, and Brooklyn) as well as two towns in Westchester County. Sequenced isolates were obtained directly from nasopharyngeal swab samples collected from 44 females (52.4%) and 40 (47.7%) males ranging in age from 20 to 44 years (16%), 45 to 64 years (33%), 65 to 79 years (27.4%), and >80 years (16.7%). Of the 68 cases with available hospital visit information, 12 were discharged (17.6%), 53 were admitted (80%), and three were initially discharged and later admitted on a subsequent visit (2.4%).

We performed phylogenetic analysis of the 84 distinct patient isolates, together with 2363 sequences deposited in GISAID up to 1 April 2020 (Fig. 2A). NYC isolates were distributed throughout the phylogenetic tree, which is consistent with multiple independent introductions. We assigned each SARS-CoV-2 isolate derived from a patient seeking care at the Mount Sinai Health System to one of the main monophyletic clades on the basis of amino acid and nucleotide substitutions and statistical support from both maximum-likelihood (ML) and Bayesian methods. These mutations were used only for the purpose of classification because the functional impact of many of these substitutions remains unknown. As a reference, we adopted the clade nomenclature from the NextStrain tool (5, 6). For each assigned clade, we identified different types of events according to the position of the NYC sequences and available epidemiological information (Table 1). The first isolate was obtained from a patient with documented exposure through travel to the Middle East (clade A3, node 5), and the second was obtained from a patient with documented travel to Europe (clade B, node 6). We therefore excluded these two cases from any inference made from the phylogenetic analyses. For the remaining isolates, the great majority (87%) clustered with clade A2a. This clade is largely composed of isolates obtained from patients with COVID-19 in Europe (72%) (Fig. 2B), suggesting that introductions from Europe account for the majority of cases found in NYC in the first weeks of March 2020.

Table 1Inferred SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission events related to NYC.

Most of the NYC isolates within clade A2a were interspersed, and we did not observe grouping by country or geographical region (fig. S1). Despite their diverse origins, many sequences in this clade are highly similar or identical, which makes it impossible to resolve direct relationships or directionality between cases without additional epidemiological data. We next used ML and Bayesian phylodynamic analysis to infer the time of virus transmission events related to NYC (fig. S2A). For clade A2a, we estimated a period of untracked global transmission from late January to mid-February, which is consistent with epidemiological observations of the developing pandemic (Table 1, node 2, and fig. S2A). The earliest sequences at the base of clade A2a include isolates from Italy, Finland, Spain, France, the United Kingdom, and other European countries from late February, in addition to a few North American isolates (Canada and United States) from the first week of March 2020. Within this clade, we identified two mutations that distinguish clusters of sequences from NYC and elsewhere, suggesting at least two independent introductions that likely occurred in early to mid-February (Table 1, nodes 3 to 4, and fig. S2A). One of these two clusters contained 64 of the 72 NYC isolates positioned in clade A2a, suggesting local spread.

Similar to isolates in clade A2a, SARS-CoV-2 isolates in our study positioned in clade A1a (6%) were interspersed among isolates from multiple regions with unknown directionality (Fig. 2A, node 1). This clade is also largely composed of European-origin isolates (82%) (Fig. 2B and fig. S1).

For the rest of the clades (B, B1, and B4), we identified four putative SARS-CoV-2 virus introductions to NYC sometime between February and early March (Table 1, nodes 7 to 10, and fig. S2A). Two of these introductions were inferred to be of domestic origin on the basis of their close relationship with U.S. isolates, including those from the main community transmission in Washington state (clade B1, node 9) (7). The introduction of this clade to the East Coast was recently reported (8). Although more than half of the sequences in clade B were of Asian origin (Fig. 2B), the closest relatives to the New York isolates were of European and North American origin. The isolate that belongs to clade B4 is within a node with an inferred date of early March and a prior period of untracked transmission in unknown location(s) during February (Table 1, node 10, and fig. S2A). Before this period, the closest viral isolates basal to this cluster are from Australia and China (fig. S1).

The sequenced isolates and assigned clades were spatially distributed throughout all NYC boroughs and 21 neighborhoods (Fig. 3). Isolates sequenced at other NYC hospitals collected within a comparable time window had a similar clade and spatial distribution (9).

Taken together, our results show that the NYC SARS-CoV-2 epidemic has been mainly sourced from untracked transmission between the United States and Europe, with limited evidence of direct introductions from China, where the virus originated.

Despite the relatively small number of SARS-CoV-2 sequences available in early April 2020, we identified two monophyletic clusters positioned within clade A2a that almost exclusively contained isolates from New York (Fig. 2B). One cluster included 23% (17) of the isolates contained in clade A2a and 20% of the total isolates sequenced. According to ZIP code information, the cases from this cluster were distributed across five counties, including one sample from New Rochelle, Westchester County, which is part of the metropolitan area directly north of NYC and reported the first documented cluster of community-acquired infections in New York state on 3 March 2020. This cluster was characterized by the amino acid substitution A1844V in the ORF1b gene [in which alanine (A) was replaced at position 1844 with valine (V)]. Basal to these clusters are isolates from the states of Minnesota, Washington, and California. The relatedness of other U.S. and New York isolates suggests that viruses spreading locally could have been introduced to New York through a domestic route (fig. S1).

The second cluster was a smaller group that contained four isolates from Manhattan/NYC and one isolate from Queens/NYC. ZIP code information was available for three of the Manhattan cases, which were mapped to three different neighborhoods, further supporting community spread. Although most NYC cases are intermixed within this largely European clade, these results suggest that domestic introductions may have also been a source of early community spread within NYC.

SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of one of the largest noninfluenza pandemics of this century. Sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 isolates from 84 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 at one of the largest healthcare systems in NYC during the first weeks of March 2020 provides insights into the origin and diversity of this new viral pathogen in the region. We found clear evidence for multiple independent introductions into the NYC metropolitan area from different regions globally, as well as from other parts of the United States. Our data indicates that early introductions by cases that were identified on the basis of their known travel histories did not seed the larger community clusters, suggesting that their early quarantine and hospitalization were effective in curtailing further spread. With increased testing, we observed the emergence of community-acquired infections. Most of these were caused by viral isolates derived from clades that were circulating in Europe, likely reflecting local transmissions from undetected introductions.

A limitation of our analysis is the relatively small number of global isolates from cases identified in the first weeks of March 2020, which means that our model relies on inferences based on available background sequences at that time. Thus, some of our inferences may change as more complete and representative SARS-CoV-2 sequences become available. Moreover, because global sequencing efforts are disparate, the fraction of sequences available by region or country is not necessarily representative of the number of cases reported for each of these regions. As shown by our estimates from different methods and molecular clock models, the time of the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) estimates and precision can vary even with the same data. Last, in the absence of detailed epidemiological data on travel history and contacts, we were not able to associate periods of untracked transmissions with any specific regions or countries.

Taken together, we provide a first analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 viral genotypes collected from patients seeking medical care in the NYC metropolitan area. We found that NYC, as an international hub, provides not only a snapshot of the diversity of disease-causing SARS-CoV-2 at the global level but also informs on the dynamics of the pandemic at the local level. Future studies as well as additional sequencing are needed to define viral phenotypes and further explore the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in NYC, as well as to assess the impact of the public health measures on community transmission.

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Acknowledgments:

We are greatly indebted to our clinical colleagues for their dedication and courage in providing continued high-quality medical care under very difficult conditions. We also gratefully acknowledge the authors and originating and submitting laboratories of sequences from GISAIDs EpiFlu and EpiCoV (

www.gisaid.org

) that were used as background for our phylogenetic inferences. We thank D. Ruchnewitz, M. Lässig, M. Nelson, and N. Trovão for their input on the phylogenetic analyses.

Funding:

The Research reported in this paper was supported by the Office of Research Infrastructure of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under awards S10OD018522 and S10OD026880 as well as institutional and philanthropic funds. Protocols established for this study were in part based on influenza virus sequencing protocols established with the support of CRIP (Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis), an NIH-funded Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS, contract HHSN272201400008C). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.

Author contributions:

J.A., G.P., A.P.-M., M.G., and E.M.S. provided clinical samples for the study. D.R.A. and J.A. performed clinical evaluations. M.M.H., S.F., J.P., D.R.A., G.P., A.P.-M., M.G., E.M.S., V.S., and H.v.B. were involved in clinical sample accessioning. M.M.H., H.A., and G.K. performed RNA extraction and measured viral titers. A.S.G.-R., Z.K., B.A., A.v.d.G., J.D., N.F., and B.S.M. performed NGS experiments. N.F., B.S.M., I.O., G.D., J.S., S.H.S., Y.W., M.S., and R.S. provided NGS services. M.J.S. and A.O. developed the assembly pipeline and performed genome assembly. K.T. and A.K. performed mining of electronic medical records. A.S.G.-R., M.M.H., M.J.S., B.C., A.O., F.K., A.G.-S., M.L., E.M.S., V.S., and H.v.B. analyzed, interpreted, and/or discussed data. A.S.G.-R., E.M.S., V.S., and H.v.B. wrote the manuscript. E.M.S., V.S., and H.v.B. conceived the study. E.M.S., V.S., and H.v.B. supervised the study. A.G.-S., E.M.S., V.S., and H.v.B. raised financial support.

Competing interests:

R.S. is vice president of technology development and a stockholder at Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture. This work, however, was conducted solely at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.

Data and materials availability:

SARS-CoV-2 genome consensus sequences for all study isolates were deposited in GISAID (accession nos. EPI_ISL_414476, EPI_ISL_415151, and EPI_ISL_421348 to EPI_ISL_421435) and GenBank (accession nos. MT370831 to MT370920). The code used to assemble the consensus genome sequences in this study is available online at

https://github.com/mjsull/COVID_pipe

and (

). This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (protocols: HS#13-00981 and HS#16-01215). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To view a copy of this license, visit

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

. This license does not apply to figures/photos/artwork or other content included in the article that is credited to a third party; obtain authorization from the rights holder before using such material.

3:56 PM 7/16/2020 - The Hades Syndrome

Michael_Novakhov shared this story from

Covid-19-Review.

3:56 PM 7/16/2020

https://covid-19-review.blogspot.com/2020/07/356-pm-7162020-hades-syndrome.html
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The Hades Syndrome is the mechanism of infection and death: "COVID-19 cytokine storm: the interplay between inflammation and coagulation".

It is the pathogenic mechanism of acute and often lethal states, the same in both the Covid-19, presumably the Coronavirus Infection, and in the Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VRF), such as Ebola, Dengue, West Nile, and others. It appears to be the central and the most dangerous clinical syndrome, of which there might be several in the clinical picture of the Disease X-19. It is confirmed by the pathoanatomical studies.

Hypothetically, Disease X-19 may be viewed as a type of VRF.

M.N. | 3:56 PM 7/16/2020
_______________________________________________

COVID-19 cytokine storm: the interplay between inflammation and coagulation

Michael_Novakhov shared this story .

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly throughout the globe. It is associated with significant mortality, particularly in at-risk groups with poor prognostic features at hospital admission.

Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study.

The spectrum of disease is broad but among hospitalised patients with COVID-19, pneumonia, sepsis, respiratory failure, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are frequently encountered complications.

Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study.

The pathophysiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced ARDS has similarities to that of severe community-acquired pneumonia caused by other viruses or bacteria.

Perrone LA
Plowden JK
García-Sastre A
Katz JM
Tumpey TM

H5N1 and 1918 pandemic influenza virus infection results in early and excessive infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils in the lungs of mice.

D'Elia RV
Harrison K
Oyston PC
Lukaszewski RA
Clark GC

Targeting the cytokine storm for therapeutic benefit.

The overproduction of early response proinflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor [TNF], IL-6, and IL-1β) results in what has been described as a cytokine storm, leading to an increased risk of vascular hyperpermeability, multiorgan failure, and eventually death when the high cytokine concentrations are unabated over time.

Meduri GU
Kohler G
Headley S
Tolley E
Stentz F
Postlethwaite A

Inflammatory cytokines in the BAL of patients with ARDS. Persistent elevation over time predicts poor outcome.

Therefore, therapeutic strategies under investigation are targeting the overactive cytokine response with anticytokine therapies or immunomodulators, but this must be balanced with maintaining an adequate inflammatory response for pathogen clearance.

Activation of coagulation pathways during the immune response to infection results in overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines leading to multiorgan injury. Although the main function of thrombin is to promote clot formation by activating platelets and by converting fibrinogen to fibrin,

José RJ
Williams AE
Chambers RC

Proteinase-activated receptors in fibroproliferative lung disease.

thrombin also exerts multiple cellular effects and can further augment inflammation via proteinase-activated receptors (PARs), principally PAR-1.

José RJ
Williams AE
Chambers RC

Proteinase-activated receptors in fibroproliferative lung disease.

Thrombin generation is tightly controlled by negative feedback loops and physiological anticoagulants, such as antithrombin III, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and the protein C system.

José RJ
Williams AE
Chambers RC

Proteinase-activated receptors in fibroproliferative lung disease.

During inflammation, all three of these control mechanisms can be impaired, with reduced anticoagulant concentrations due to reduced production and increasing consumption. This defective procoagulantanticoagulant balance predisposes to the development of microthrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multiorgan failureevidenced in severe COVID-19 pneumonia with raised d-dimer concentrations being a poor prognostic feature and disseminated intravascular coagulation common in non-survivors.

Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study.

Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia.

The finding of increased d-dimer levels in patients with COVID-19 has prompted questions regarding co-existence of venous thromboembolism exacerbating ventilationperfusion mismatch, and some studies have shown that pulmonary emboli are prevalent.

Chen J
Wang X
Zhang S
et al.

Findings of acute pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 patients.

However, due to increased risk of bleeding and despondence related to previous negative trials of endogenous anticoagulants in sepsis, clinicians might be reluctant to offer it to all. Outside of the prevention and management of venous thromboembolism, it is clear that effects of coagulation activation go beyond clotting and crosstalk between coagulation and inflammation can significantly affect disease progression and lead to poor outcome.

Prophylactic dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is

recommended

for hospitalised patients with COVID-19 to prevent venous thromboembolism and treatment dose LMWH is contemplated for those with significantly raised d-dimer concentrations due to concerns of thrombi in the pulmonary circulation; but LMWH also has anti-inflammatory properties that might be beneficial in COVID-19. In this context, it is therefore paramount to look at the role of PAR antagonists and other coagulation protease inhibitors. PAR-1 is the main thrombin receptor and mediates thrombin-induced platelet aggregation as well as the interplay between coagulation, inflammatory, and fibrotic responses, all of which are important aspects of the pathophysiology of fibroproliferative lung disease,

José RJ
Williams AE
Chambers RC

Proteinase-activated receptors in fibroproliferative lung disease.

such as seen in COVID-19. Although less likely to have an effect on venous thromboembolism, PAR-1 antagonists developed as antiplatelet drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular disease,

Morrow DA
Braunwald E
Bonaca MP
et al.

Vorapaxar in the secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events.

might potentially attenuate the deleterious effects associated with activation of the coagulation cascade and thrombin formation. A clinically approved PAR-1 antagonist was shown to reduce levels of proinflammatory cytokines, neutrophilic lung inflammation, and alveolar leak during bacterial pneumonia and lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury in murine models.

José R
Williams A
Sulikowski M
Brealey D
Brown J
Chambers R

Regulation of neutrophilic inflammation in lung injury induced by community-acquired pneumonia.

José RJ
Williams AE
Mercer PF
Sulikowski MG
Brown JS
Chambers RC

Regulation of neutrophilic inflammation by proteinase-activated receptor 1 during bacterial pulmonary infection.

Moreover, the role of PAR-1 in host immunity to viruses has been investigated: in one study, PAR-1 was protective against myocarditis from coxackie virus and decreased influenza A viral loads in murine lungs,

Antoniak S
Owens AP
Baunacke M
et al.

PAR-1 contributes to the innate immune response during viral infection.

while in another study, activation of PAR-1 following influenza A challenge was associated with deleterious inflammation and worsened survival,

Khoufache K
Berri F
Nacken W
et al.

PAR1 contributes to influenza A virus pathogenicity in mice.

suggesting the initial PAR-1 activation is required for host control of virus load but if left unabated, PAR-1-mediated inflammation results in reduced survival. The half-life of vorapaxar, might be considered too prolonged in the context of managing acute illness, especially without a known reversal agent for its antiplatelet effect and the associated bleeding risk. However, it is important to note that in clinical trials of vorapaxar, most participants received both aspirin and a thienopyridine at enrolment,

Morrow DA
Braunwald E
Bonaca MP
et al.

Vorapaxar in the secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events.

and PAR-1 antagonists (eg, RWJ58259), which never progressed to clinical trials, have short half-lives and could be revisited.

Antithrombin and antifactor Xa direct oral anticoagulants are well established in the prevention and management of venous thromboembolism, and since thrombin is the main activator of PAR-1, and coagulation factor Xa can induce production of proinflammatory cytokines via activation of PAR-2 and PAR-1,

José RJ
Williams AE
Chambers RC

Proteinase-activated receptors in fibroproliferative lung disease.

these drugs might be promising in ameliorating disease progression and severity of COVID-19. Bleeding risk will always be a concern, but in this procoagulant state the benefits might outweigh the risk and reversal drugs for the anticoagulant effects of these inhibitors now exist.

Targeting thrombin, coagulation factor Xa or PAR-1, might therefore be an attractive approach to reduce SARS-CoV-2 microthrombosis, lung injury, and associated poor outcomes.

We declare no competing interests.

Coronavirus - Copyright: Maurizio De Angelis

COVID-19 Resource Centre
Access the latest 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) content from across The Lancet journals as it is published.

#Attention #NYSGovernor and #NYCMayor: #Test #rats, #mice and other #rodents for the #Hantavirus, #SarsCov2 and other #infections. Their #abnormal #behaviors suggest that they might be #infected and might be the #source of the #Human infections. #FBI

Michael_Novakhov shared this story from

Covid-19-Review.

2:52 PM 7/16/2020
https://covid-19-review.blogspot.com/2020/07/attention-nysgovernor-and-nycmayor-test.html
___________________________________________________________________________

#Attention #NYSGovernor and #NYCMayor: #Test #rats, #mice and other #rodents for the #Hantavirus, #SarsCov2 and other #infections. Their #abnormal #behaviors suggest that they might be #infected and might be the #source of the #Human infections. #FBI
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News Review from Michael Novakhov: Blogs | Shared Stories | Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks |Saved Stories | Tweets |
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Seoul hantavirus in wild rats: a public health risk?

Michael_Novakhov shared this story .

UK, US and Canada allege Russian cyberattacks on Covid-19 research centers

Michael_Novakhov shared this story .

An advisory published by the UK National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) details activity by the Russian hacking group and explicitly calls out efforts to target US, UK and Canadian vaccine research and development organizations.

"APT29's campaign of malicious activity is ongoing, predominantly against government, diplomatic, think tank, healthcare and energy targets to steal valuable intellectual property," a press release on the advisory said.

Cozy Bear is one of two hacking groups linked to Russian intelligence that is believed to have accessed the Democratic National Committee's internal systems in the lead-up to the 2016 US election, but Thursday's announcement is the first time this group has been named in connection to cyberattacks related to the coronavirus pandemic.

The Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov said Thursday that Russia "has nothing to do" with the hacking attacks targeting organizations involved in coronavirus vaccine development, according to the state-run news agency TASS.

close dialog

"We do not have information regarding who could have hacked pharmaceutical companies and research centers in the UK," he said. Referring to a UK government statement Thursday that "it is almost certain" Russian actors sought to interfere in the country's 2019 election, Peskov continued, saying: "We can say one thing Russia has nothing to do with these attempts and we do not accept such accusations just like we don't accept yet another set of unfounded accusations of interference in the 2019 elections."

Thursday's advisory comes as the number of coronavirus cases in the US continues to surge while researchers race to develop a vaccine.

The US, UK and Canadian authorities have issued several warnings about state-backed cyberattacks against organizations involved in the coronavirus response in recent months.

In April, CNN also reported on a growing wave of cyberattacks on US government agencies and medical institutions leading the pandemic response by nation states and criminal groups.

Hospitals, research laboratories, health care providers and pharmaceutical companies have all been hit, officials said at the time.

The Department of Health and Human Services, which oversees the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention -- has also been struck by a surge of daily strikes, an official with direct knowledge of the attacks previously told CNN, adding that Russia and China were the primary culprits.

"The National Security Agency (NSA), along with our partners, remains steadfast in its commitment to protecting national security by collectively issuing this critical cybersecurity advisory as foreign actors continue to take advantage of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic," NSA Cybersecurity Director Anne Neuberger said in a statement after Thursday's advisory was published.

"APT29 has a long history of targeting governmental, diplomatic, think tank, healthcare and energy organizations for intelligence gain so we encourage everyone to take this threat seriously and apply the mitigations issued in the advisory," she said.

The NCSC, which is the UK's lead technical authority on cyber security and part of the UK's Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), assessed that APT29 "almost certainly operate as part of Russian Intelligence Services."

This assessment is also supported by partners at the Canadian Communication Security Establishment (CSE), the US Department for Homeland Security (DHS) Cybersecurity Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) and the National Security Agency (NSA), the NCSC said.

Specifically, APT29 uses a variety of tools and techniques, including spear phishing and custom malware known as "WellMess" and "WellMail", according to the NCSC.

The report concluded that: "APT29 is likely to continue to target organizations involved in COVID-19 vaccine research and development, as they seek to answer additional intelligence questions relating to the pandemic."

"We condemn these despicable attacks against those doing vital work to combat the coronavirus pandemic," NCSC Director of Operations, Paul Chichester, said in a statement. "Working with our allies, the NCSC is committed to protecting our most critical assets and our top priority at this time is to protect the health sector."

British Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab said Thursday that it is "completely unacceptable" that Russian intelligence services are targeting those working to develop a vaccine.

"While others pursue their selfish interests with reckless behavior, the UK and its allies are getting on with the hard work of finding a vaccine and protecting global health," he said, adding that the UK will "continue to counter those conducting such cyber attacks" and work with allies to hold them to account.

This story has been updated with additional background information.

CNN's Donie O'Sullivan in New York and Mary Ilyushina in Moscow contributed to this report.

Mutation unknown: Covid's mysterious evolution

Michael_Novakhov shared this story .

Common wisdom states that a new pathogen, once introduced into a vulnerable human population with no immune defences, will evolve over time to grow more benign and live in amity with its host. After all, the argument goes, a pathogen will depend on its host for its own survival, so causing mass disease and death will make onward transmission more difficult and ultimately only ensure its own demise.

Unfortunately, despite the reassuring logic, the reality is often more nuanced. Infection by water or food-borne pathogens can commonly result in severe or even life-threatening diarrhoea. However, far from disadvantaging the pathogen, this symptom can actively facilitate onward transmission via the faecal-oral route. Malaria is a vectored disease (those that are transmitted by living organisms) that is spread via mosquitos. In this case, the extreme sickness suffered by the host wont impede onward transmission if there are plenty of healthy mosquitos around to help the parasite jump ship from one host to the next.

So how might we expect the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 to evolve as it adjusts to its new way of life, infecting and spreading among humans? Will the symptoms naturally ameliorate while the pandemic eventually fizzles out? Or are the fears of more virulent strains emerging and sparking a deadly second wave justified? In the interests of expectation management, the short answer is that we dont know.

In a seminal work from 1991, Roy Anderson and Robert May argued that it is near-impossible to predict the future trajectories of virulence and transmissibility of emerging pathogens. However, although soothsaying remains out of our reach, modern technology has provided one critical edge for the real-time monitoring of natural mutations in viruses. This critical edge is genome sequences and lots of them.

Whether you consider them living or not, viruses like all biological entities are in essence a string of genetic instructions encoded by a genome made of DNA (or, in this case, RNA which is a close chemical cousin). The SARS-CoV-2 genome is under 30,000 bases (or letters) long and encodes only 15 genes, making it only 1 per cent the size of a typical bacterial genome and 0.0001 per cent the size of a human genome.

Such a small genetic package can be easily sequenced and over 45,000 SARS-CoV-2 genomes are now available, over half of which were generated in the UK. These data tell us that the virus evolved in bats and entered the human population only once, possibly via an intermediate animal, between late October and early December last year. We know that the viral genome is mutating, as all genomes do, but at a relatively slow rate around one mutation every two weeks. This makes SARS-CoV2 more stable than its close relative SARS, and much more stable than the viruses that cause flu.

Mutations arise as the virus replicates and new, slightly imperfect, copies are made of the genetic material. Being random, the consequences for the virus of these mutations can vary they can be harmful, beneficial or neither. Most mutations will fall into the final category, and these neutral mutations will have no material consequence for how the virus behaves. Whether viruses carrying these mutations will go extinct or spread further is down to pure chance.

Many of the early reports of different strains of the virus from across the world were in fact based only on these functionally irrelevant changes that dont actually do anything. Neutral mutations are, however, of great practical importance. By acting as molecular flags on the genome, they make it possible for epidemiologists to understand how the virus is spreading both globally and locally. For example, by combining genome sequences with travel data, it is known that there were at least 1,356 separate introductions of the virus in the UK during March, mostly from Spain, France and Italy. As the pandemic progresses, such approaches will play a critical role in identifying localised outbreaks, as the patterns of mutations on all the genomes from cases linked to a single source should be identical.

So, if most mutations are neutral, how can we tell which ones, if any, are likely to change the way the virus behaves? There are two key lines of evidence from the genome sequences; one is how often the same mutation is observed and the second is which specific gene has been changed by the mutation and how.

Consider a random mutation that increases the rate at which the virus will spread, or improves the viruses adaption to the human host in some other way. Almost by definition, we will see more strains carrying this mutation than we would expect by chance. However, more tellingly, we might also expect the same mutation to arise in the virus independently on more than one occasion, in unrelated lineages and in different geographical locations. This does not mean that the mutation is somehow deliberate, it is still a random event, it is simply the case that when such a mutation arises by chance it is much more likely to spread and thus be observed than neutral mutations.

Once such recurrent mutations have been identified, the next step is to consider where they are in the genome and what the biological consequence might be. For example, recurrent mutations have been identified that are predicted to change a critical part of the protein that enables the virus to bind to and invade human cells. The final and most difficult step is to carry out the necessary experiments to prove the significance of the mutation in the laboratory.

The current evidence remains equivocal on whether the virus is mutating to become more or less of a threat, and we have no epidemiological framework for robustly predicting whether it will. Nevertheless, the wealth of genome data, at the very least, provides a means to rapidly identify those mutations that are likely to change the way the virus behaves. From there, we can improve our therapeutic strategies and better manage this disease.

This article was originally published on the University of Bath IPR blog.

12:25 PM 7/16/2020 - Covid-19 spreads in unknown and unexplained ways - this is one of the main issues. | Covid-19 sustained community transmission

Michael_Novakhov shared this story from

The FBI News Review.

Covid Is Spreading in Unexplained Ways, Dimming Containment Hope

12:25 PM 7/16/2020 - Covid-19 spreads in unknown and unexplained ways - G News - This is one of the main issues.
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Covid-19 sustained community transmission - GS

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Coronavirus, the Italian study: "those who re-get in danger of developing the severe form"

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Euro X live.

Coronavirus, the Italian study: 'those who re-get in danger of developing the severe form'

An all-Italian study, published in the BMJ Global Health journal, is making much discussion and concern in the past few hours, as it claims that those who have fallen ill and recovered from the new Coronavirus are not only not protected for life by antibodies, on the contrary, they risk realizing themselves by developing the most severe form.

The theme is thorny, as the durability of antibodies it has been at the centre of discussions on Sars-CoV-2 since the beginning of the pandemic, and to date, only hypotheses have been put forward regarding the effective duration of the protections. It is in this context that the study published today is the result of the collaboration between the IRCCS Burlo Garofalo of Trieste and some researchers from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.

Luca Cegolon, an epidemiologist who conducted the study in which he is the first signatory, explained to Repubblica that we took inspiration for this research by observing the trend of the disease, in particular the high transmissibility and the rate of severe cases in general among health workers, including young people both in Italy and in China, as shown by the case of the thirty-year-old Chinese doctor from Wuhan, deceased and from which everything started .

According to the epidemiologist, immunity from Sars-Cov-2 acquired through healing would not be permanent is it does not appear to protect against Coronavirus re-infectionsbut not only: the antibodies developed could be a boomerangallying with the virus itself during secondary infections to facilitate entry into the target cells, and suppressing innate immunity and triggering or amplifying an important inflammatory reaction of the organism . What does this mean? That in case of a second autumn wave, even those who got sick during the first one could get sick again, developing the most severe form.

The reasons are to be found in the very nature of human Coronaviruses, which are all are known to cause re-infections, regardless of the so-called humoral immunity, that is, the one that is acquired when you get sick by developing antibodies.

By analyzing the genetic sequence of Sars-CoV-2, it was discovered that it is 80% equal to Sars-Cov and 50% to Mars-Cov, but also the Hades mechanism in infections would be similar and patients affected by the new Coronavirus develop interstitial pneumonia with ARDS, lymphopenia, increased neutrophils, cytokine storm and strong reduction of interferon. The same mechanism has also been observed in viruses such as Dengue and West Nile.

This is not a final study, and in fact, Cegolon specified that both in Italy and in Britain serological studies are being prepared to verify whether antibodies protect against infection or not. These are researches that focus mainly on health workers because the virus runs more in hospitals both because there are sick people and because they are closed environments .

If the hypothesis finds confirmation, it would also be difficult to find an effective vaccine. Actually, for no Coronavirus it has been possible to produce and market a vaccine precisely for the reasons explained in a study: coronaviruses are known to cause re-infections, regardless of acquired immunity.

In the meantime, however, according to the epidemiologist, prevention and prepare for autumn with pharmacological interventions that can protect the entrance doors such as, for example, the nose.

Just today, the statements of Bill Gates on the availability of the vaccine, which should arrive in Italy by the end of 2020, have rebounded.

Fourth of July Infections Are Causing Spikes Across New York The River

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The River.

This is a roundup of coronavirus news and announcements from New York State and Hudson Valley and Catskills counties covering Tuesday, July 14 and Wednesday, July 15.

NEW YORK STATE
404,006 cases confirmed (831 new)
4,848,525 tests performed (63,598 new)
Positive test rate: 1.3%
25,003 deaths (9 new)
831 current hospitalizations
165 current ICU admissions
New York State coronavirus page
New York State official pressroom
Hotline: (888) 364-3065

The Fourth is with us: Infection spikes occurred over the Fourth of July weekend in several New York State counties, but because of lags between infection, patients seeking testing, and positive results coming back, were only just now hearing about them. Albany County reported its biggest spike since May with 44 new cases found on Tuesday, many of them tied to Fourth of July parties.

Across the Capital Region, the test positivity rate was 2.1 percent on Tuesday, the highest in the state; New York City was 1.3 percent. Overnight, the Capital Region seized the dubious honor of highest rate in New York from Long Island, which on Monday was in the lead with a two percent positive rate. Cases in Suffolk County that were discovered on Tuesday and Wednesday have also been traced to Fourth of July weekend events.

The Trump administration has ordered hospitals to stop sending data directly to the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and directed them to send it to the Department of Health and Human Services instead. Daily reports on metrics such as patient hospitalizations, hospital capacity, and remdesivir availability will now be removed from the CDC oversight and reported more directly to the White House, a move that has shocked some CDC officials and public health experts. Centralizing control of all data under the umbrella of an inherently political apparatus is dangerous and breeds distrust, said Nicole Lurie, a doctor who served as assistant secretary for preparedness and response in the Obama administration, to The New York Times. Its really hard not to see this as some kind of interference or snub [to] the CDC, University of Arizona epidemiologist Saskia Popescu told NPR.

Bill Hammond, a prominent New York State health policy analyst at a conservative think tank called The Empire Center, released an analysis Wednesday comparing the current surge of pandemic cases in Florida to historical cases in New York. Hammond used data on COVID-19 deaths in both states to create a graph of inferred cases that estimates how many New Yorkers were truly infected at the late-March peak of the outbreak in the state: about eight times the number of official New York case counts at the time, Hammond writes, and far higher than the current known case count in Florida. We will never have a full count of how many cases there were in New York State in March, and Hammond admits that the inferred case graph is a rough estimate. There are a few obvious potential sources of error for the graph: If the fatality rate among infected people was truly higher in New York than it was in Floridaeither because of hospital overcrowding in New York City causing more deaths, different populations of people being infected in the two states, or perhaps modest improvements in the effectiveness of medical treatment over the past few monthsthe true picture of New Yorks early infections might look a little different. But its fair to assume that New York State missed counting many more cases early on than Florida is missing now, and Hammonds analysis drives that point home in a powerful way.

The Associated Press has asked a bunch of medical experts what they think of the New York State Department of Healths recent report on nursing homes, which concluded that a controversial state policy that sent infected patients into nursing homes was not to blame for outbreaks and deaths. The general consensus: Not good enough for the academy. Among several potential glaring sources of error in the report was a lack of any data on how many nursing home residents died in hospitals, a metric the state has not released any information on. Would this get published in an academic journal? No, said University of Texas epidemiologist Catherine Troisi.

The New York State legislature has set dates for public hearings on the states nursing home policy, and legislators from both parties want answers. Hearings will be held on August 3 and 10, and they are shaping up to be fierce. More than 6,000 nursing home residents have died from COVID-19 in New York State.

Some people are mad about Governor Andrew Cuomos folksy, outsider-art poster of COVID Mountain, which is available for $11.50 from Spectrum Designs and being promoted by the state website. Its a little weird. Its a lot self-congratulatory. And were not out of the woods here. Victory laps are not the thing to be doing, not by a long shot, CNN chief medical correspondent Sanjay Gupta told Jake Tapper on The Lead on Tuesday.

Several national retail and grocery chains announced mandatory mask policies on Wednesday, including the biggest of all: Walmart. Kohls and Kroger are among the other corporations now requiring customers to wear masks. Closer to home, Stewarts is now denying admittance to anyone not wearing a face covering, per a state Department of Health regulation effective last week.

The Red Cross needs bloodand for a limited time, the organization is testing all donations for antibodies to COVID-19. A note for anyone considering getting an antibody test: Results may not be very useful to individuals, although they are a good tool for estimating how much of a population has been infected with SARS-CoV-2, and for doing other kinds of scientific study. In many areas, the rate of false positives from the test is close to the rate of people in the population who have been infected and are carrying antibodies, so if you get a positive result, it is hard to say whether it is a true positive. Also, it is still unknown whether people carrying antibodies to the novel coronavirus are immune to reinfection, although scientists have reason to hope that people who have had COVID-19 have some immunity.

The pandemic is causing some interesting shifts in the GOP primary in New Yorks 19th Congressional district: Although deep-pocketed fashion designer Ola Hawatmeh held a narrow lead among the in-person ballots cast on June 23, an unprecedented avalanche of absentee ballots has turned the race decisively in favor of the more establishment candidate, lawyer Kyle Van De Water, who was endorsed by almost all of the Republican county committees in the district. Hawatmeh, undeterred by Van De Waters 10,432-7,841 lead with eight of 11 counties reporting, is already denouncing the results as election fraud.

Announced by New York State on Tuesday and Wednesday:

Governor Cuomo added four states to New Yorks quarantine list on Tuesday: Minnesota, New Mexico, Ohio, and Wisconsin. Delaware was removed, bringing the total to 22 states.
New York State is making a one-time rent subsidy available for low-income residents who were previously rent-burdened prior to March 1, 2020, and have lost income as a result of the pandemic. Detailed information and requirements are available on the States Rental Relief Program website. Eligible applicants are encouraged to apply quickly.
The special enrollment period to sign up for health insurance on the New York marketplace has been extended another 30 days, through August 15.
Cuomo announced expanded tax filing assistance for New Yorkers filing their personal income taxes on the day of the deadline, but the news release announcing that Tax Department representatives would be available via telephone till 7pm on Wednesday went out at 1:15pm on Wednesday. Unless you were glued to social media, you probably missed it.
As promised in a Monday briefing, New York State is sending help to Atlanta. Cuomo announced in a news release Wednesday that the state is sending PPE, hand sanitizer, and test kits to the Georgia city at the request of Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms.

LOWER HUDSON VALLEY
County coronavirus pages: Rockland, Westchester, Putnam

On Tuesday, the Putnam County Department of Health released a health warning stating that anyone who visited Salsa Fresca, a restaurant in Carmel, on July 7 between 7-8pm may have been exposed to the coronavirus. A member of the public who has tested positive for COVID-19 visited the restaurant at that time. Those experiencing symptoms are advised to contact their physician and schedule a COVID test.

In general, Putnam County is seeing a slight upward trend in confirmed cases this week. After hovering between 0-5 positive cases per day every day since the end of May, six people tested positive on Tuesday, 11 on Monday, and 13 between last Thursday and Friday, according to the states COVID tracker. The seven-day rolling average for Putnam Countys positive test rate increased from 0.8 percent on July 7 to 1.7 percent on July 14.

Westchester County Executive George Latimer released a plan to help the county Board of Elections navigate election day this November. The four-point plan calls for county employees to serve as additional polling place inspectors, replacement polling sites, additional temporary staff for absentee ballot counting, and early voting.

MID-HUDSON VALLEY
County coronavirus pages: Orange, Dutchess, Ulster, Columbia

In The Rivers 11-county region, only one county reported an active case count on Wednesday that was lower than Mondays count: Columbia County, where active cases dropped from 19 to 14. Case counts have increased or stayed level since Monday in Dutchess, Sullivan, Ulster, Delaware, and Greene counties. Orange and Rockland counties are not reporting active case counts at all, and Westchester, Putnam, and Schoharie counties are reporting results only weekly or sporadically.

Orange County saw a spike on Tuesday, with 28 new confirmed casesa full three percent of all those tested that day. That is three times higher than Mondays results, when nine peopleone percent of those testedreceived COVID-positive results.

Ulster County has also seen confirmed cases rise this week: 10 on Monday, and 16 on Tuesday, or 1.9 percent of those tested on each day, about twice the seven-day rolling average.

Cases are climbing in Dutchess County, as well: 38 positive tests on Monday (3.3 percent) and 19 on Tuesday (2.1 percent), after being in single digits for most of July.

Ulster County is launching an equity loan program for women and minority-owned businesses, along with businesses in low- and moderate-income census tracts, that have been impacted by the pandemic, Executive Pat Ryan announced Tuesday. $2 million in funds are available. The program is made possible by investments from the Ulster County Economic Development Alliance in partnership with the National Development Council. Businesses can apply at www.connect2capital.com/partners/new-york-forward-loan-fund and should choose NDC when they are matched with a lender.

Kingston will close some uptown streets to vehicle traffic this Saturday for the next date in its Outdoor Dining season. From 10am to 9pm, North Front Street will be closed from Fair Street to Crown Street, and Wall Street will be closed from John Street to North Front Street, according to a press release from the city.

Signs posted around Kinderhook in support of the victim of an alleged assault have been mysteriously disappearing. The assault allegedly occurred at the home of Alex Rosenstrach, owner of the ClubLife gym that gained local notoriety (and a cease-and-desist order) for operating in defiance of state pandemic guidelines, and his wife Kelly Rosenstrach, deputy sheriff of Columbia County. The case is a mess: the Columbia County County Sheriffs Office remains the lead investigating agency, although Kelly Rosenstrach has been placed on leave. I just want to know what is going on, signmaker Misty Brew-Kusewich told the Register-Star; so do we, Misty.

Columbia Memorial Hospital in Hudson is easing its visitation restrictions, the Register-Star reports.

CATSKILLS
County coronavirus pages: Sullivan, Delaware, Greene, Schoharie

New York State announced four new COVID-19 cases for Greene County on Wednesday. There are now nine active cases in the county, according to the latest data from Greene County Public Health.

Delaware County announced a new positive COVID-19 case on Wednesday, the third found in the county in the past week. After a period of several weeks with zero known active cases, Delaware County is now following three people who have tested positive and are isolating at home.

Sullivan County at large may be facing a fiscal crisis, but the Town of Bethel is doing all right: The Sullivan County Democrat reports that town revenue is up 1.3 percent so far over 2019, and year-to-date expenses are eight percent lower. An interesting tidbit from the countys finances: Although sales tax revenue is expected to plummet in 2020, Airbnbs monthly payments of room tax revenue to the county have tripled over what they were last year.

Local nonprofit Schoharie Area Long Term (SALT) has hand sanitizer and masks to give out to local churches to assist in reopening. If your place of worship needs supplies, send an email to lizanne1216@gmail.com or call the SALT office at (518) 295-7258.

In pandemic news, delay is an expected part of the process; there is typically a lag of at least a week or two between infection and getting a positive test result, and hospitalizations and deaths lag even farther behind. In rural areas like the Catskills, theres another so-called lagging indicator: Most residents are getting their local news from weekly newspapers, if at all. Thats a gap were trying to help fill at The River by following news and case counts in rural countiesbut in a situation where new state policy is handed down almost daily, and the latest information on cases, science, and risk is in constant flux, its worth bearing in mind that the most far-flung parts of upstate New York dont have much access to pandemic news on a local level.

OF INTEREST?
The River has a guide on where, how, and when to get tested for the coronavirus in the Hudson Valley and Catskills. To read more of our coronavirus coverage, visit our coronavirus page.

The River is collaborating with WGXC to announce these updates over the air. To listen, tune in to 90.7 FM at midnight, 5am, 7am, or 9am, or visit the audio archive online.

La Voz, una revista de cultura y noticias del Valle de Hudson en español, está traduciendo estos resúmenes y co-publicandolos en su página web. Leyendo aqui. También puede escuchar actualizaciones diarias por audio en el show La Voz con Mariel Fiori en Radio Kingston.

9:21 AM 7/16/2020 - Covid-19 spreads in unknown and unexplained ways: check rats and other rodents!

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Covid-19-Review.

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Coronavirus Spreading in Unexplained Ways, Nations Consider More Lockdowns
Covid Is Spreading in Unexplained Ways, Dimming Containment Hope
Covid acting aggressively, defying normal virus features, says Apollo chief Prathap Reddy
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A History of Biological Warfare from 300 B.C.E. to the Present c.aarc.org/resources/biol
Even before the American entry in to the war, covert German bacteria warfare was attempted in the United States with the contamination of animal feed and infection of horses intended for export. facebook.com/mike.nova3/pos

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Jun 22, 2020 - Information on how COVID-19 affects animals and animal products. ... Self-Checker ... Some coronaviruses that infect animals can be spread to humans and ... We know that cats, dogs, and a few other types of animals can be infected ... Mice, pigs, chickens, and ducks do not seem to become infected or ...

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7 hours ago - From Hong Kong to Australia, COVID-19 spreads in unexplained ways ... In contrast, a low share of cases of unknown origins means that ...

Coronavirus Spreading in Unexplained Ways, Nations Consider More Lockdowns

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Thoughts of a Wierdo.

Infections of "unknown origins" have surged to half of all new local cases.

As countries across Asia Pacific struggle with resurgences of the coronavirus, one data point is steering government responses: the share of cases with no clear indication of how infection occurred.

These patients cannot be linked to other confirmed infections or existing outbreaks by virus responders, indicating hidden chains of transmission. A growing proportion of such cases in a city's resurgence pushes governments, like in Australia and Hong Kong, to take broad and blunt action, returning entire cities to lockdown-like conditions

"You can hardly contain the outbreak because you have no idea where they will come out next," said Yang Gonghuan, former deputy director general of China's Center for Disease Control and Prevention. "When there's more cases where the origins are unknown, it adds to the difficulty for containment."

In contrast, a low share of cases of unknown origins means that authorities can stay relatively relaxed -- like in South Korea and Japan -- even if total daily new infections reach the hundreds. These countries can take a targeted and nimble approach, shutting down schools or workplaces where clusters are found, but allowing the rest of the population to live normally.

This data point is a telltale sign of whether resurgences across the world will flare up into bigger waves, and if residents need to gird themselves for a return to lockdown. Here's a breakdown of how the places fighting flareups are using the number to guide their responses:

Hong Kong: Strictest-ever Restrictions

The Asian financial hub enjoyed three months of normal life before a surprise resurgence this month that looks to set to be its worst wave ever. Infections of "unknown origins" have surged to half of all new local cases, indicating that they're emerging from all corners.

The former British colony has reacted swiftly, levying its strictest-ever restrictions on the city of 7.5 million. Schools started summer break early while bars, gyms and beaches have been shut. Public gatherings are limited to four people and those refusing to wear masks on public transport will be fined HK$5,000 ($645).

Melbourne, Australia: Return to Lockdown

The 5 million residents of Melbourne are in the midst of a government-mandated six-week lockdown thanks to a new wave of coronavirus infections in Victoria state, 51% of which are of unknown origins or still under investigation. The outbreak is spilling over to Sydney, raising fears that Australia's largest city will be a fresh hot spot.

The lockdown, which included the barring of 3,000 residents in public-housing tower blocks from leaving their apartments for several days until they were all tested, is reminiscent of the stringent controls imposed in Wuhan, the Chinese city where the virus first emerged. The measure made Australia one of the only western democracies to mandate that people cannot step outside their homes.

Tokyo, Japan: Worrying Uptick

Termed "infections with unknown routes" by Japanese officials, the share of such cases when the new outbreak started about a month ago was initially low at about one fifth. This was cited by the government for taking relatively little action and continuing to open up the economy and society.

But the share of unknown origin cases has now risen to about 45%, raising alarm. While the Japanese government has no legal power to force businesses to shut down, the situation has prompted the country's Economy Minister Yasutoshi Nishimura to strike a harsher tone on nightclubs, warning that some may be asked to close if they don't comply with guidelines. On Wednesday, Tokyo raised its alert level to the highest on a four-point scale and asked people to modify their behavior to prevent further spread.

"We need to ensure that this wave does not get any bigger and trigger a state of emergency," Nishimura said on Tuesday. "I feel we are approaching the stage."

South Korea: Relaxed Reaction

The country lauded for its success in taming the virus through rapid testing and aggressive contact tracing without lockdowns continues to maintain relative composure in facing resurgences. This is likely due to the fact that only a tenth of new cases in South Korea in the first two weeks of July came from unknown routes of transmission.

While authorities have introduced electronic exit and entry systems into high-risk areas like gyms and nightclubs, they've not had to impose broad measures restricting people's movement even as daily new cases hover between 30 to 60 plus -- sometimes more than Hong Kong's.

The emergence of this category of cases and their influence on containment policy is due to the insidious infectiousness of the coronavirus, a quality that has allowed it to spread so widely in a short time. There is much that scientists still do not understand about how the virus behaves, including whether it lingers in the air and for how long, and how it was traced to the packaging of imported shrimp in China.

"Such unexplained hot spots are still relatively few in this region," Yang said. "But when they show up, people have more worries about the future."

(Except for the headline, this story has not been edited by NDTV staff and is published from a syndicated feed.)

Covid Is Spreading in Unexplained Ways, Dimming Containment Hope

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Covid acting aggressively, defying normal virus features, says Apollo chief Prathap Reddy

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New Delhi: The coronavirus is a different kind of virus because its killing people in winter as well as summer, Apollo Hospitals founder-chairman Dr Prathap C. Reddy said Wednesday at the digital edition of ThePrints Off The Cuff. But he added that he couldnt speculate if the virus came from a lab.

In conversation with ThePrints Editor-in-Chief Shekhar Gupta, Reddy said, This virus is killing people in the winter and summer. So, it is a different kind of virus which we need to watch carefully. But I cant speculate that it came from a lab.

All I can say is that it is metamorphosing so fast that it is not an ordinary virus, he added.

Reddy revealed that he has been baffled by the nature of this virus. I remember when the Ebola virus outbreak in Africa which killed over 30 per cent of the patients. However, the moment the temperature went up, it became normal, he said.

He also recalled the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus in Saudi Arabia, where he had sent a team of people to assess the intensity of the outbreak. MERS was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012, killing almost 35 per cent people who contracted it.

The team I sent set up a process protocol and in five days the number of deaths dropped. It did so not just because of us but also because the temperature went up till 30 degrees, said Reddy.

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The coronavirus is acting very aggressively and is defying the normal features of a virus, Reddy said, adding that all the other viruses either lived or died but that this one changes its morphology rather quickly.

Also read: How decades of work on elusive HIV vaccine has given hope for a quick Covid vaccine

How has China been coping

Asked about how the Chinese came to grips with the virus so quickly, Reddy said, I think that should make us realise that there is something to it. Except the Wuhan region, the virus didnt spread to any other part of China.

Covid-19 has spread to almost every village in India, said Reddy. There were 21 cases in my district alone.

Asked how its possible that the virus is not spreading in China, Reddy said, Maybe theres some form of secrecy that they havent told the world.

If not the medicine, Reddy hoped the Chinese would reveal how to control the virus at least. I wish they were this large-hearted. They should care for humanity, he said.

The coronavirus-made-in-lab theory

Speculation over the origin of the virus continues as scientists try to determine where it came from and when and how it was transmitted to humans. The theory that the virus was man-made in a lab gained some currency but has since died down.

Asked for his views, Dr Reddy said, I wont definitively say it is a lab virus, I dont have the proof to say it is.

After the outbreak of coronavirus, many expressed fears that the virus was made in a lab. US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo had said that he had enormous evidence to prove that the virus had originated in a lab in China.

I think the whole world can see now, remember, China has a history of infecting the world and running substandard laboratories, Pompeo said.

French virologist and Nobel laureate Luc Montagnier also made headlines when he claimed that Covid virus was man-made, and was a result of an attempt to make a vaccine against AIDS in a Chinese lab.

However, studies have shown that the virus couldnt be man-made.

By comparing the available genome sequence data for known coronavirus strains, we can firmly determine that SARS-CoV-2 originated through natural processes, said Kristian Andersen, Scripps Research, US, who is the co-author of one such study.

All evidence so far points to the fact the Covid-19 virus is naturally derived and not man-made, said Nigel McMillan, an immunologist from the Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Australia.

If you were going to design it in a lab the sequence changes make no sense as all previous evidence would tell you it would make the virus worse. No system exists in the lab to make some of the changes found, McMillan added.

Also read: Coronavirus infection transmitted from mother to foetus in France

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Unpacking Cuomos Covid-19 Poster - The New York Times

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An octopus is guiding a cruise ship. President Trump is sitting on a crescent moon. But dont get distracted by that: Beware the Winds of Fear, the incoming plane of Europeans and the Boyfriend Cliff!

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Saved Stories None: Seoul hantavirus in wild rats: a public health risk?

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Covid-19 Review: The Pandemic As The Bio-Info-Weapon The Disease X-19.

Seoul hantavirus (SEOV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen in the UK.

SEOV is transmitted from infected rats to humans via inhalation of the aerosolised virus in rat excreta such as urine and faeces.

Symptoms can include:

flu like illness such as fever, headache, backache and nausea
reduced urine production, lower back pain and confusion; which relates to acute kidney injury

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Post Link | C-SPAN has launched a new web page, c-span.org/impeachment, devoted to Congress’ impeachment inquiry into President Donald Trump. The goal is to provide one-stop shopping for all of C-SPAN’s coverage of the inquiry, including the latest Hill tweets, various news conferences and hearings, and the Trump Administration’s response.

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» Saved Stories - None: Seoul hantavirus in wild rats: a public health risk? nfuonline.com/sectors/animal…
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Seoul hantavirus in wild rats: a public health risk? nfuonline.com/sectors/animal… Posted by mikenov on Thursday, July 16th, 2020 6:10pm Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - Coronavirus and failure of US Intelligence Services: US epidemiologists say data secrecy on COVID-19 cases cripples intervention strategies
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U.S. epidemiologists say data secrecy on COVID -19 cases cripples ... Other states also fail to share highly specific information for their COVID -19 cases ... on behalf of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), ... With...

» Saved Stories - None: Saved Stories – None: Seoul hantavirus in wild rats: a public health risk?
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Seoul hantavirus (SEOV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen in the UK. SEOV is transmitted from infected rats to humans via inhalation of the aerosolised virus in rat excreta such as urine and faeces. Currently, the public healt...

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - Coronavirus and HIV: Applying African Ebola Response Experience to the Coronavirus Pandemic
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... nations have been developing infrastructure to combat epidemics alongside long-standing health burdens like malaria, malnutrition, HIV , and more. Google Alert - Coronavirus and HIV Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - coronavirus on twitter: FBI Reportedly Investigating Twitter Hack That Hit Joe Biden And Dozens Of Top Accounts
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FBI Reportedly Investigating Twitter Hack That Hit Joe Biden And Dozens Of ... $2,000 in return as a way of “giving back to my community due to Covid-19 .” ... Wednesday's Twitter hack may have been the largest attack the platform ....

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - covid-19 neurological symptoms: More Than Half of Hospitalised COVID Patients Develop These Neurological Symptoms
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The main study that has been carried out in China illustrated that 36% of COVID - 19 patients went on to develop neurological symptoms , compared to ... Google Alert - covid-19 neurological symptoms Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: mikenov on Twitter: RT @DAILYSQUIB: Another Chinese Virus Gift to the World: Hantavirusdailysquib.co.uk/world/36249-an…#chinesevirus #hantavirus https://t.co/QV8No6…
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Another Chinese Virus Gift to the World: Hantavirus dailysquib.co.uk/world/36249-an… #chinesevirus #hantavirus pic.twitter.com/QV8No6LC1c Posted by DAILYSQUIB on Thursday, July 16th, 2020 6:59am Retweeted by mikenov on Thursday, J...

» Saved Stories - None: RT @DAILYSQUIB: Another Chinese Virus Gift to the World: Hantavirusdailysquib.co.uk/world/36249-an…#chinesevirus #hantavirus https://t.co/QV8No6…
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Another Chinese Virus Gift to the World: Hantavirus dailysquib.co.uk/world/36249-an… #chinesevirus #hantavirus pic.twitter.com/QV8No6LC1c Posted by DAILYSQUIB on Thursday, July 16th, 2020 6:59am Retweeted by mikenov on Thursday, July 16t...

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - Coronavirus and US Navy: US Navy set to fit soldiers with wearables to track how effective social distancing is following ...
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The Naval COVID Rapid Response Team plans to implement a proximity ... The US Navy is exploring options for a wearable that stores records of ... Google Alert - Coronavirus and US Navy Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Covid-19-Review: #Attention #NYSGovernor and #NYCMayor: #Test #rats, #mice and other #rodents for the #Hantavirus, #SarsCov2 and other #infections. Their #abnormal #behaviors suggest that they might be #infected and might be the #s
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2:52 PM 7/16/2020 #Attention #NYSGovernor and #NYCMayor: #Test #rats, #mice and other #rodents for the #Hantavirus, #SarsCov2 and other #infections. Their #abnormal #behaviors suggest that they might be #infected and might be the #source...

» Saved Stories - None: #Attention #NYSGovernor and #NYCMayor: #Test #rats, #mice and other #rodents for the #Hantavirus, #SarsCov2 and other #infections. Their #abnormal #behaviors suggest that they might be #infected and might be the #source of the #Human
16/07/20 20:39 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
#Attention #NYSGovernor and #NYCMayor: #Test #rats, #mice and other #rodents for the #Hantavirus, #SarsCov2 and other #infections. Their #abnormal #behaviors suggest that they might be #infected and might be the #source of the #Human inf...

» Saved Stories - None: Sars-CoV-2, it was discovered that it is 80% equal to Sars-Cov and 50% to Mars-Cov, but also the Hades mechanism in infections would be similar... The same mechanism has also been observed in viruses such as Dengue and West Nile. !
16/07/20 20:37 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
Sars-CoV-2, it was discovered that it is 80% equal to Sars-Cov and 50% to Mars-Cov, but also the Hades mechanism in infections would be similar... The same mechanism has also been observed in viruses such as Dengue and West Nile. !!! int...

» Saved Stories - None: mikenov on Twitter: RT @nypost: Rats hold wild boxing match in subway station while cat ‘referees’ trib.al/iHTNdCc pic.twitter.com/bRqi0qsDcj
16/07/20 20:37 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
Rats hold wild boxing match in subway station while cat ‘referees’ trib.al/iHTNdCc pic.twitter.com/bRqi0qsDcj Posted by nypost on Thursday, July 16th, 2020 7:36pm Retweeted by mikenov on Thursday, July 16th, 2020 7:37pm 175 l...

» Saved Stories - None: RT @nypost: Rats hold wild boxing match in subway station while cat 'referees' trib.al/iHTNdCc pic.twitter.com/bRqi0qsDcj
16/07/20 20:36 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
Rats hold wild boxing match in subway station while cat 'referees' trib.al/iHTNdCc pic.twitter.com/bRqi0qsDcj Posted by nypost on Thursday, July 16th, 2020 7:36pm Retweeted by mikenov on Thursday, July 16th, 2020 7:37pm 283 likes, 86 ret...

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - covid rash: The mystery of COVID-19 long haulers' months-long symptoms
16/07/20 20:04 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
Even months after testing negative, they continue to face serious and often mysterious symptoms: skin rashes , short-term memory loss, shortness of ... Google Alert - covid rash Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - Coronavirus and cyber attacks: Covid Cold War Flares Up With Claims of Russian Vaccine Hack
16/07/20 20:03 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
Oxford said it's working with U.K. authorities “to ensure our COVID -19 research has the best possible cyber security and protection.” Imperial College ... Google Alert - Coronavirus and cyber attacks Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - coronavirus symptoms: Post-coronavirus symptoms show that not all recoveries look the same
16/07/20 20:03 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
For some patients, the initial coronavirus symptoms are only the beginning. Surviving COVID-19 doesn't guarantee a full recovery, and some people ... Google Alert - coronavirus symptoms Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - Coronavirus and US Navy: Military nears 19000 coronavirus cases as Army surpasses 6000; several bases reinstate travel ...
16/07/20 20:02 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
U.S. Navy Hospital Corpsman 3rd Class Brandon Smith, left, performs a COVID -19 swab test on a Marine ain San Diego on June 22, 2020. CPL. Google Alert - Coronavirus and US Navy Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - coronavirus in israel: Israel Adopted Cyber War Protocol to Manage COVID-19 Crisis
16/07/20 20:02 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
Deputy Director General of Robustness at the Israel National Cyber Directorate outlines Israel's cyber response to the coronavirus pandemic. Google Alert - coronavirus in israel Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - coronavirus pulmonary symptoms: Doctors discover a new coronavirus symptom common in young adults
16/07/20 20:01 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
Fever or chills; Cough ; Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing ; Fatigue; Muscle or body aches; Headache; New loss of taste or smell; Sore throat ... Google Alert - coronavirus pulmonary symptoms Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - Covid-19 blood clots: COVID patients at increased risk of 'dire outcomes' including leg clotting and amputation
16/07/20 20:01 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
COVID - 19 patients may be at an increased risk of dangerous blood clotting in their legs that could potentially lead to amputation or even death. Google Alert - Covid-19 blood clots Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - coronavirus symptoms: Coronavirus symptoms in younger patients may be different than in adults
16/07/20 20:00 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
Doctors are finding that younger patients don't present with a fever as a primary symptom as often as adult patients. Recent coronavirus vaccine trials ... Google Alert - coronavirus symptoms Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - Coronavirus and HIV: COVID-19 Outcomes No Worse for Those Living with HIV
16/07/20 19:59 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
Experts say this should ease fears some people with HIV might have about increased risk for COVID -19. They also stress that everyone should adopt ... Google Alert - Coronavirus and HIV Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - Coronavirus and HIV: RIP Flossie Wong-Staal, Scientist Who Made Pivotal HIV Discoveries
16/07/20 19:57 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
... PhD, a molecular biologist who made groundbreaking discoveries about HIV , died July 8, 2020, of a pneumonia infection unrelated to coronavirus , ... Google Alert - Coronavirus and HIV Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - coronavirus in animals: Coronavirus: Spain orders culling of almost 100000 mink
16/07/20 19:28 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
What do we know about animal -to-human transmission? Studies have shown that the virus is contagious among certain animals , including cats and ... Google Alert - coronavirus in animals Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - CoronaVirus as Biological Weapon: 9:21 AM 7/16/2020 – Covid-19 spreads in unknown and unexplained ways
16/07/20 19:07 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
Google Alert – CoronaVirus as Biological Weapon : Genomics and future biological weapons the need for · 2:41 PM 7/15/2020 – Antibodies to ... Google Alert - CoronaVirus as Biological Weapon Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - CoronaVirus as Biological Weapon: Preventing Biological Warfare The Failure of American Leadership
16/07/20 19:07 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
The global pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus , covid -19, has shaken confidence in governments' capacity to respond to threats that the scientific ... Google Alert - CoronaVirus as Biological Weapon Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - CoronaVirus as Biological Weapon: Leaked police docs reveal crypto's role in dark web bioweapons trade
16/07/20 19:07 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
“A serious and sophisticated chemical or biological weapons program by an actor like the Al-Qaeda or ISIS would not ... In the wake of the coronavirus pandemic, however, biological terrorism is increasingly on the authorities' radar. Goo...

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - CoronaVirus as Biological Weapon: Guys, COVID-19 is 100% a biological weapon and here's why
16/07/20 18:59 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
Heart disease. If you were designing a biological weapon to fuck up as many people in the world as possible, COVID -19 is exactly what you'd come up ... Google Alert - CoronaVirus as Biological Weapon Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - Coronavirus and US Military: Military nears 19000 coronavirus cases as Army surpasses 6000; several bases reinstate travel ...
16/07/20 18:30 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
U.S. Navy Hospital Corpsman 3rd Class Brandon Smith, left, performs a COVID -19 swab test on a Marine ain San Diego on June 22, 2020. CPL. Google Alert - Coronavirus and US Military Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Covid-19 and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
16/07/20 18:09 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
Florida Air Assault on Dengue Mosquitoes to Tamp Down ... Florida, in the throes of a COVID-19 surge, has mobilized air assets, trucks and ... that carry dengue fever, Zika, West Nile and other nasty viruses once ... dengue hemorrhagic f...

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - coronavirus origins: China's Self-Defeating Nationalism
16/07/20 17:33 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
In the months since the global COVID-19 pandemic began in Wuhan, ... peddled conspiracy theories about the U.S. origins of the novel coronavirus . Google Alert - coronavirus origins Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - coronavirus origins: Russian state-sponsored hackers target Covid-19 vaccine researchers
16/07/20 17:32 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
... who could see the research on the disease's origins and potential cures as a field for geopolitical competition. Coronavirus “suddenly became such ... Google Alert - coronavirus origins Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - Sars-Cov-2 origins: Genetic Variants Could Predispose Carriers To More Serious COVID-19 Infections
16/07/20 17:32 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
ACE2 and TMPRSS2 encode enzymes that help the SARS - CoV - 2 virus to enter ... genetic variants differed depending on a person's ethnic origin . Google Alert - Sars-Cov-2 origins Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Introductions and early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the New York City area
16/07/20 17:25 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
Blighted Gotham Deaths caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in New York City (NYC) during the spring of 2020 have vastly exceeded those reported in China and many other countries. What were the early eve...

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - Sars-Cov-2 origins: Introductions and early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the New York City area
16/07/20 17:19 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
We took advantage of the existing PSP infrastructure to investigate the origins of SARS - CoV - 2 strains circulating in NYC and to dissect the spread of ... Google Alert - Sars-Cov-2 origins Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - coronavirus origins: Pandemics in recent history
16/07/20 17:19 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
Unlike the Covid-19 virus, it does not transmit easily from person to person. CREDIT: CLAUDIA WIENS / ALAMY STOCK PHOTO. 2009-10: Swine flu ( ... Google Alert - coronavirus origins Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - Coronavirus came to New York from Europe: 'They failed': Cuomo blasts Trump response to COVID-19 over damning CDC report
16/07/20 17:18 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
New Yorkers became infected, Cuomo said, by travelers from Europe who acquired the virus and then spread it soon after arriving ... “They failed, and the virus came to New York , and Americans died because of government failure. Google A...

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - CoronaVirus as Biological Weapon: New Data on T Cells and the Coronavirus
16/07/20 17:17 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
New Data on T Cells and the Coronavirus ... I'm sure there's some overlap with the “this is a biological weapon ” folks, but I don't frequent parts of the ... Google Alert - CoronaVirus as Biological Weapon Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Google Alert - sars cov 2 as bioweapon: COVID-19: Why psychological barriers may impede progress during the pandemic
16/07/20 17:17 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
COVID-19 conspiracy theories, he said, are identical to ones that theorized the Zika and SARS viruses were manufactured bioweapons . Then there ... Google Alert - sars cov 2 as bioweapon Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: 3:56 PM 7/16/2020 - The Hades Syndrome
16/07/20 16:28 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
3:56 PM 7/16/2020 https://covid-19-review.blogspot.com/2020/07/356-pm-7162020-hades-syndrome.html _____________________________________________________________ The Hades Syndrome is the mechanism of infection and death: "COVID-19 c...

» Saved Stories - None: COVID-19 cytokine storm: the interplay between inflammation and coagulation
16/07/20 15:34 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly throughout the globe. It is associated with significant mortality, particularly in at-risk groups with poor prognostic features at hospital admission. 1 Clinical course and risk fact...

» Saved Stories - None: #Attention #NYSGovernor and #NYCMayor: #Test #rats, #mice and other #rodents for the #Hantavirus, #SarsCov2 and other #infections. Their #abnormal #behaviors suggest that they might be #infected and might be the #source of the #Human
16/07/20 14:57 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
2:52 PM 7/16/2020 https://covid-19-review.blogspot.com/2020/07/attention-nysgovernor-and-nycmayor-test.html ___________________________________________________________________________ #Attention #NYSGovernor and #NYCMayor : #Test #rats ,...

» Saved Stories - None: Seoul hantavirus in wild rats: a public health risk?
16/07/20 14:11 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
Seoul hantavirus (SEOV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen in the UK. SEOV is transmitted from infected rats to humans via inhalation of the aerosolised virus in rat excreta such as urine and faeces. Currently, the public healt...

» Saved Stories - None: NYC restaurants battling rat problems in early reopening stage
16/07/20 13:38 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
As if New York City restaurants don't have enough to contend with, they're now battling armies of rats . Resilient restaurateurs, battling back from the ... Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: New York City rats have gone back to restaurants, too
16/07/20 13:37 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
As New York City moves into Phase Whatever, diners of all kinds have begun to return to restaurants—but mostly humans and rats . Advertisement. Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: How COVID-19 Disinformation Goes Viral
16/07/20 13:33 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
The success of superspreaders can also cause a series of outbreaks of closely related disinformation—for instance, in the aftermath of President Trump's ... Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: Why no one knows if you can catch COVID-19 twice
16/07/20 13:32 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
In cases where people recover from COVID-19 , only to later feel ill again and ... Some viruses , like the ones that cause the seasonal flu, also mutate so ... you might recover from one strain only to encounter another that is different...

» Saved Stories - None: EU pig meat production falls sharply in April
16/07/20 13:31 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
This probably reflects disruption in slaughter in some countries due to COVID - 19 . Pig meat output during the month was also down by 5%. Figures for ... Saved Stories - None

» Saved Stories - None: UK, US and Canada allege Russian cyberattacks on Covid-19 research centers
16/07/20 13:13 from Saved Stories from Michael_Novakhov (1 sites)
An advisory published by the UK National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) details activity by the Russian hacking group and explicitly calls out efforts to target US, UK and Canadian vaccine research and development organizations. "APT29's c...

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